Ringkasan Fitur dan API

Android 14 memperkenalkan fitur dan API yang hebat untuk developer. Berikut ini bantuan untuk mempelajari fitur-fitur yang tersedia untuk aplikasi Anda, serta mulai menggunakan API yang terkait.

Untuk melihat daftar mendetail tentang API yang ditambahkan, diubah, dan dihapus, baca laporan perbedaan API. Untuk mengetahui detail tentang API yang ditambahkan, buka referensi API Android — untuk Android 14, cari API yang ditambahkan di API level 34. Untuk mempelajari area tempat perubahan platform dapat memengaruhi aplikasi Anda, pastikan untuk memeriksa perubahan perilaku Android 14 untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 dan untuk semua aplikasi.

Internasionalisasi

Preferensi bahasa per aplikasi

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatical Inflection API

Tiga miliar orang menggunakan bahasa bergender: bahasa yang kategori gramatikalnya—seperti kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, dan preposisi—diterapkan dengan gender orang dan objek yang Anda ajak bicara atau Anda bicarakan. Secara tradisional, banyak bahasa bergender menggunakan gender gramatikal maskulin sebagai gender default atau generik.

Menjangkau pengguna dalam gender gramatikal yang salah, seperti menyapa perempuan dengan gender gramatikal yang maskulin, dapat memberi dampak negatif pada performa dan sikap mereka. Sebaliknya, UI dengan bahasa yang mencerminkan gender gramatikal pengguna dengan benar dapat meningkatkan interaksi pengguna dan memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih personal dan terdengar alami.

To help you build a user-centric UI for gendered languages, Android 14 introduces the Grammatical Inflection API, which lets you add support for grammatical gender without refactoring your app.

Preferensi regional

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Kamera dan media

Ultra HDR untuk gambar

Ilustrasi kualitas gambar Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) versus High Dynamic Range (HDR).

Android 14 menambahkan dukungan untuk gambar Rentang Dinamis Tinggi (HDR) yang mempertahankan lebih banyak informasi dari sensor saat mengambil foto, yang memungkinkan warna yang cerah dan kontras yang lebih besar. Android menggunakan format Ultra HDR, yang sepenuhnya kompatibel dengan gambar JPEG, sehingga aplikasi dapat berinteraksi dengan lancar dengan gambar HDR, menampilkannya dalam Rentang Dinamis Standar (SDR) sesuai kebutuhan.

Merender gambar ini di UI dalam HDR dilakukan secara otomatis oleh framework saat aplikasi Anda memilih untuk menggunakan UI HDR untuk Jendela Aktivitasnya, baik melalui entri manifes atau saat runtime dengan memanggil Window.setColorMode(). Anda juga dapat mengambil gambar diam Ultra HDR yang dikompresi di perangkat yang didukung. Dengan lebih banyak warna yang dipulihkan dari sensor, pengeditan pasca-produksi dapat lebih fleksibel. Gainmap yang terkait dengan gambar Ultra HDR dapat digunakan untuk merendernya menggunakan OpenGL atau Vulkan.

Zoom, Fokus, Postview, dan lainnya di ekstensi kamera

Android 14 mengupgrade dan meningkatkan ekstensi kamera, sehingga aplikasi dapat menangani waktu pemrosesan yang lebih lama, yang memungkinkan gambar yang lebih baik menggunakan algoritma yang intensif komputasi seperti fotografi cahaya rendah di perangkat yang didukung. Fitur ini memberi pengguna pengalaman yang lebih andal saat menggunakan kemampuan ekstensi kamera. Contoh peningkatan ini mencakup:

Zoom dalam sensor

Jika REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE di CameraCharacteristics berisi SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, aplikasi Anda dapat menggunakan kemampuan sensor lanjutan untuk memberikan streaming RAW yang dipangkas dengan piksel yang sama dengan bidang pandang penuh menggunakan CaptureRequest dengan target RAW yang memiliki kasus penggunaan streaming yang disetel ke CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. Dengan menerapkan kontrol penggantian permintaan, kamera yang diperbarui memberi pengguna kontrol zoom bahkan sebelum kontrol kamera lainnya siap.

Audio USB lossless

Android 14 gains support for lossless audio formats for audiophile-level experiences over USB wired headsets. You can query a USB device for its preferred mixer attributes, register a listener for changes in preferred mixer attributes, and configure mixer attributes using the AudioMixerAttributes class. This class represents the format, such as channel mask, sample rate, and behavior of the audio mixer. The class allows for audio to be sent directly, without mixing, volume adjustment, or processing effects.

Alat dan produktivitas developer

Credential Manager

Android 14 adds Credential Manager as a platform API, with additional support back to Android 4.4 (API level 19) devices through a Jetpack Library using Google Play services. Credential Manager aims to make sign-in easier for users with APIs that retrieve and store credentials with user-configured credential providers. Credential Manager supports multiple sign-in methods, including username and password, passkeys, and federated sign-in solutions (such as Sign-in with Google) in a single API.

Passkeys provide many advantages. For example, passkeys are built on industry standards, can work across different operating systems and browser ecosystems, and can be used with both websites and apps.

For more information, see the Credential Manager and passkeys documentation and the blogpost about Credential Manager and passkeys.

Health Connect

Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.

On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.

Users can get started using Health Connect without a separate app download on devices running Android 14 or higher.
Users can control which apps have access to their health and fitness data through system settings.

Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.

For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

The following features and improvements are included:

  • Updated approximately 300 java.base classes to Java 17 support.
  • Text Blocks, which introduce multi-line string literals to the Java programming language.
  • Pattern Matching for instanceof, which allows an object to be treated as having a specific type in an instanceof without any additional variables.
  • Sealed classes, which allow you restrict which classes and interfaces can extend or implement them.

Thanks to Google Play system updates (Project Mainline), over 600 million devices are enabled to receive the latest Android Runtime (ART) updates that include these changes. This is part of our commitment to give apps a more consistent, secure environment across devices, and to deliver new features and capabilities to users independent of platform releases.

Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Peningkatan untuk app store

Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller APIs that allow app stores to improve their user experience.

Request install approval before downloading

Installing or updating an app might require user approval. For example, when an installer making use of the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission attempts to install a new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval after APKs are written to the install session and the session is committed.

Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval() method lets installers request user approval before committing the install session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the background without interrupting the user.

Claim responsibility for future updates

The setRequestUpdateOwnership() method allows an installer to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.

Any other installer, including those making use of the INSTALL_PACKAGES permission, must receive explicit user approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an update from another source, update ownership is lost.

Update apps at less-disruptive times

App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.

Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints API gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune moment. For example, an app store can call the commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() method to make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer interacting with the app in question.

Seamlessly install optional splits

With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files, rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize based on the properties of the target device. The PackageInstaller API has supported splits since its introduction in API level 22.

In Android 14, the setDontKillApp() method allows an installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install new features of an app while the user is using the app.

Paket metadata aplikasi

Starting in Android 14, the Android package installer lets you specify app metadata, such as data safety practices, to include on app store pages such as Google Play.

Mendeteksi kapan pengguna mengambil screenshot perangkat

Untuk menciptakan pengalaman yang lebih standar dalam mendeteksi screenshot, Android 14 memperkenalkan API deteksi screenshot yang menjaga privasi. API ini memungkinkan aplikasi mendaftarkan callback per aktivitas. Callback ini dipanggil, dan pengguna akan diberi tahu saat pengguna mengambil screenshot ketika aktivitas itu terlihat.

Pengalaman pengguna

Tindakan kustom Sharesheet dan peringkat yang ditingkatkan

Android 14 mengupdate sharesheet sistem untuk mendukung tindakan aplikasi kustom dan hasil pratinjau yang lebih informatif bagi pengguna.

Menambahkan tindakan kustom

Dengan Android 14, aplikasi Anda dapat menambahkan tindakan kustom ke sharesheet sistem yang dipanggilnya.

Screenshot tindakan kustom di panel berbagi.

Meningkatkan peringkat target Berbagi Langsung

Android 14 menggunakan lebih banyak sinyal dari aplikasi untuk menentukan peringkat target langsung berbagi agar memberikan hasil yang lebih bermanfaat bagi pengguna. Untuk memberikan sinyal yang paling berguna untuk peringkat, ikuti panduan untuk meningkatkan peringkat target Berbagi Langsung. Aplikasi komunikasi juga dapat melaporkan penggunaan pintasan untuk pesan keluar dan masuk.

Baris Berbagi Langsung di sharesheet, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh 1

Dukungan untuk animasi bawaan dan kustom untuk Kembali Prediktif

Video: Animasi kembali prediktif

Android 13 memperkenalkan animasi "kembali ke layar utama" prediktif di balik opsi developer. Saat digunakan pada aplikasi yang didukung dengan opsi developer yang diaktifkan, menggeser kembali akan menampilkan animasi yang menunjukkan bahwa gestur kembali akan menutup aplikasi untuk kembali ke layar utama.

Android 14 menyertakan beberapa peningkatan dan panduan baru untuk Kembali Prediktif:

Dengan rilis pratinjau Android 14 ini, semua fitur Kembali Prediktif tetap berada di balik opsi developer. Lihat panduan developer untuk memigrasikan aplikasi ke kembali prediktif, serta panduan developer untuk membuat transisi kustom dalam aplikasi.

Penggantian per aplikasi produsen perangkat layar besar

Per-app overrides enable device manufacturers to change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the FORCE_RESIZE_APP override instructs the system to resize the app to fit display dimensions (avoiding size compatibility mode) even if resizeableActivity="false" is set in the app manifest.

Overrides are intended to improve the user experience on large screens.

New manifest properties enable you to disable some device manufacturer overrides for your app.

Penggantian per aplikasi pengguna perangkat layar besar

Per-app overrides change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE device manufacturer override sets the app aspect ratio to 16:9 regardless of the app's configuration.

Android 14 QPR1 enables users to apply per‑app overrides by means of a new settings menu on large screen devices.

Berbagi layar aplikasi

App screen sharing enables users to share an app window instead of the entire device screen during screen content recording.

With app screen sharing, the status bar, navigation bar, notifications, and other system UI elements are excluded from the shared display. Only the content of the selected app is shared.

App screen sharing improves productivity and privacy by enabling users to run multiple apps but limit content sharing to a single app.

Smart Reply yang didukung LLM di Gboard pada Pixel 8 Pro

On Pixel 8 Pro devices with the December Feature Drop, developers can try out higher-quality smart replies in Gboard powered by on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) running on Google Tensor.

This feature is available as a limited preview for US English in WhatsApp, Line, and KakaoTalk. It requires using a Pixel 8 Pro device with Gboard as your keyboard.

To try it out, first enable the feature in Settings > Developer Options > AiCore Settings > Enable Aicore Persistent.

Next, open a conversation in a supported app to see LLM-powered Smart Reply in Gboard's suggestion strip in response to incoming messages.

Gboard utilizes on-device LLMs to provide higher-quality smart replies.

Grafik

Jalur dapat dikueri dan dapat di-interpola

Path API Android adalah mekanisme yang andal dan fleksibel untuk membuat dan merender grafik vektor, dengan kemampuan untuk membuat goresan atau mengisi jalur, membuat jalur dari segmen garis atau kurva kuadrat atau kubik, melakukan operasi boolean untuk mendapatkan bentuk yang lebih kompleks, atau semuanya secara bersamaan. Salah satu keterbatasannya adalah kemampuan untuk mengetahui apa yang sebenarnya ada di objek Path; bagian dalam objek bersifat buram bagi pemanggil setelah dibuat.

Untuk membuat Path, panggil metode seperti moveTo(), lineTo(), dan cubicTo() untuk menambahkan segmen jalur. Namun, belum ada cara untuk menanyakan kepada jalur tersebut tentang segmennya, jadi Anda harus menyimpan informasi tersebut pada waktu pembuatan.

Mulai Android 14, Anda dapat mengkueri jalur untuk mencari tahu apa yang ada di dalamnya. Pertama, Anda perlu mendapatkan objek PathIterator menggunakan Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Selanjutnya, Anda dapat memanggil PathIterator untuk melakukan iterasi melalui segmen satu per satu, mengambil semua data yang diperlukan untuk setiap segmen. Contoh ini menggunakan objek PathIterator.Segment, yang mengemas data untuk Anda:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator juga memiliki versi next() yang tidak mengalokasikan, tempat Anda dapat meneruskan buffer untuk menyimpan data titik.

Salah satu kasus penggunaan yang penting untuk mengkueri data Path adalah interpolasi. Misalnya, Anda mungkin ingin menganimasikan (atau mengubah) antara dua jalur berbeda. Untuk lebih menyederhanakan kasus penggunaan tersebut, Android 14 juga menyertakan metode interpolate() di Path. Dengan asumsi bahwa kedua jalur memiliki struktur internal yang sama, metode interpolate() akan membuat Path baru dengan hasil interpolasi tersebut. Contoh ini menampilkan jalur yang bentuknya setengah (interpolasi linier 0,5) antara path dan otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

Library graphics-path Jetpack juga memungkinkan API serupa untuk versi Android yang lebih lama.

Mesh kustom dengan shader fragmen dan vertex

Android telah lama mendukung mesh segitiga gambar dengan bayangan kustom, tetapi format mesh input telah dibatasi untuk beberapa kombinasi atribut yang telah ditentukan. Android 14 menambahkan dukungan untuk mesh kustom, yang dapat didefinisikan sebagai segitiga atau strip segitiga, dan dapat, secara opsional, diindeks. Mesh ini ditentukan dengan atribut kustom, langkah vertex, beragam, serta shader vertex dan fragmen yang ditulis dalam AGSL.

Vertex shader menentukan variasi, seperti posisi dan warna, sedangkan fragment shader secara opsional dapat menentukan warna untuk piksel, biasanya dengan menggunakan variasi yang dibuat oleh vertex shader. Jika warna disediakan oleh shader fragmen, warna tersebut akan digabungkan dengan warna Paint saat ini menggunakan mode gabungan yang dipilih saat menggambar mesh. Seragam dapat diteruskan ke shader fragmen dan vertex untuk fleksibilitas tambahan.

Perender buffer hardware untuk Canvas

To assist in using Android's Canvas API to draw with hardware acceleration into a HardwareBuffer, Android 14 introduces HardwareBufferRenderer. This API is particularly useful when your use case involves communication with the system compositor through SurfaceControl for low-latency drawing.