Dùng yếu tố giống trong ngữ pháp để cá nhân hoá giao diện người dùng của ứng dụng

Có đến 3 tỷ người sử dụng ngôn ngữ có phân biệt giống ngữ pháp: ngôn ngữ mà các danh mục ngữ pháp (chẳng hạn như danh từ, động từ, tính từ và giới từ) sẽ phản ánh theo giống của người và đối tượng mà bạn nói đến hoặc nói về. Theo truyền thống, nhiều ngôn ngữ có phân biệt giống ngữ pháp sử dụng giống đực làm giống mặc định hoặc chung.

Việc xưng hô sai ngữ pháp với người dùng, chẳng hạn như xưng hô với phụ nữ theo ngữ pháp giống đực, có thể ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến hiệu suất và thái độ của họ. Ngược lại, giao diện người dùng có ngôn ngữ phản ánh chính xác giống ngữ pháp của người dùng có thể cải thiện mức độ tương tác, cũng như mang lại trải nghiệm tự nhiên và phù hợp hơn cho người dùng.

To help you build a user-centric UI for gendered languages, Android 14 introduces the Grammatical Inflection API, which lets you add support for grammatical gender without refactoring your app.

Example of inflection for grammatical gender

In gendered languages, grammatical gender can't be worked around the same way as it can in English. For example, in English to write a message telling the user that they are subscribed to your app's service, you could use a single phrase: "You are subscribed to...".

To provide a similar phrase in French, there are a few options:

• Masculine-inflected form: "Vous êtes abonné à..." (English: "You are subscribed to...")
• Feminine-inflected form: "Vous êtes abonnée à..." (English: "You are subscribed to...")
• Neutral phrasing that avoids inflection: "Abonnement à...activé" (English: "Subscription to ... enabled")

Similar to English, the first two options address the user directly. However, without any mechanism to accommodate this grammatical feature of French, you would only have the third option, which changes the tone of the message and might not be what you want to display in your user interface.

In these cases, the Grammatical Inflection API lowers the effort to display strings relative to the viewer's grammatical gender—that is, the person who's viewing the UI, not who's being talked about. To show users personalized translations in your app, add translations that are inflected for each grammatical gender for affected languages and then use the GrammaticalInflectionManager API to adjust which translations are shown to each user.

In many languages, grammatical gender also applies to regular nouns in addition to people. For example, in French the word chaise (chair) is feminine, whereas oiseau (bird) is masculine. For situations other than addressing the user, you can use the existing ICU SelectFormat API.

Implement the API

After the user has indicated their grammatical gender (for example, either through a settings section of your app or a user setup workflow), you can use the setRequestedApplicationGrammaticalGender(int) method to store the value in your app's resources configuration.

For example, if you want to set a user's preferred grammatical gender to feminine, you would ask the user to select which grammatical gender they prefer and then call the API:

// Set app's grammatical gender to feminine
val gIM = mContext.getSystemService(GrammaticalInflectionManager::class.java)
gIM.setRequestedApplicationGrammaticalGender(
    Configuration.GRAMMATICAL_GENDER_FEMININE)

// Set app's grammatical gender to feminine
GrammaticalInflectionManager gIM =
    mContext.getSystemService(GrammaticalInflectionManager.class);
gIM.setRequestedApplicationGrammaticalGender(
    Configuration.GRAMMATICAL_GENDER_FEMININE);

Here is example of how to declare configuration changes in your app's manifest file if you want to handle them yourself:

<activity android:name=".TestActivity"
              android:configChanges="grammaticalGender"
              android:exported="true">
</activity>

If your app needs to check the grammatical gender in the current resource configuration, you can use the getApplicationGrammaticalGender() method to retrieve it:

val gIM = mContext.getSystemService(GrammaticalInflectionManager::class.java)
val grammaticalGender = gIM.getApplicationGrammaticalGender()

GrammaticalInflectionManager gIM =
    mContext.getSystemService(GrammaticalInflectionManager.class);
int grammaticalGender = gIM.getApplicationGrammaticalGender();

Add translations for languages with grammatical gender

To provide localized text for languages with grammatical gender, create an alternative resources file and append the grammatical gender qualifier immediately after the locale name for those languages. The following table outlines the possible values:

You should only include strings that support grammatical gender inflections in these resources files. All strings must have a value in the default resource file that contains other localized strings. This default translation is shown whenever a gender-inflected translation is not available.

In the example provided for French earlier, the neutral phrasing would be the value of the string in the default resources res/values-fr/strings.xml file. The following code snippets show how each resource file would be formatted to accommodate all the grammatical variations from the example in French:

<resources>
    ...
    <string name="example_string">Vous êtes abonnée à...</string>
</resources>

<resources>
    ...
    <string name="example_string">Vous êtes abonné à...</string>
</resources>

<resources>
    ...
    <string name="example_string">Abonnement à...activé</string>
</resources>