行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

精確鬧鐘是針對使用者需求或需要在確切時間發生的操作所設計的通知。自 Android 14 起，SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM 權限不再預先授予以 Android 13 以上版本為目標所安裝的最新應用程式；該權限依預設為拒絕狀態。

進一步瞭解精準鬧鐘排程權限變更。

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

針對要求 MTU 的第一個 GATT 用戶端，將 MTU 設為 517

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

  • Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
    • Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
  • Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
    • A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
    • For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可被置入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 限制為 64 KB

在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本中，平台會將可使用 mlock() 鎖定的記憶體上限降至每個程序 64 KB。在舊版中，每項程序的上限是 64 MB。這項限制可促進跨應用程式和系統的記憶體管理。為提供跨裝置的一致性，Android 14 針對相容裝置的新的 mlock() 限制新增新的 CTS 測試。

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源使用情形

依設計，當應用程式移至背景，且當下沒有其他正在執行的應用程式處理程序元件，應用程式的處理程序會處於快取狀態。這類應用程式處理程序可能會因為系統記憶體不足而遭終止。在此狀態下，若呼叫 onStop() 方法並傳回後，任何 Activity 執行個體執行的工作都會處於不穩定的狀態，因此強烈不建議執行此類操作。

Android 14 為此設計導入一致性和強制執行機制。應用程式程序進入快取狀態後不久，系統不允許背景工作，直到程序元件重新進入生命週期的有效狀態為止。

如果應用程式使用一般架構支援的生命週期 API (例如 服務、JobScheduler 和 Jetpack WorkManager)，則應該不會受此類變更影響。

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

自 Android 14 起，系統將支援高達 200% 的字型縮放功能，為低視能使用者提供符合無障礙網頁內容規範 (WCAG)的額外無障礙選項。

如果您已使用縮放像素 (sp) 單位來定義文字大小，這項變更可能不會對應用程式造成顯著影響。但是，建議您執行啟用最大字型大小 (200%) 的 UI 測試，確保應用程式可以在不影響可用性的情況下，因應較大的字型。

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.