行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

自 Android 14 起，當應用程式呼叫 killBackgroundProcesses() 時， API 只能終止您自有應用程式的背景處理程序。

如果傳入其他應用程式的套件名稱，此方法不會 ，而 Logcat 中會顯示以下訊息：

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

您的應用程式不應使用 killBackgroundProcesses() API，或嘗試影響其他應用程式的處理程序生命週期，即使是在舊版 OS 上也是如此。Android 的設計是為了在背景作業中保留快取的應用程式，並且能夠在系統需要記憶體時自動終止這些應用程式。如果您的應用程式不小心關閉其他應用程式，可能會因為需要在稍後重新啟動這些應用程式 (比起恢復現有已快取的應用程式會耗用更多的資源)，進而降低系統效能並增加電池用量。

針對第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端，MTU 會設為 517

自 Android 14 起，Android Bluetooth 堆疊會更嚴格地遵循 Bluetooth Core Specification 5.2 版，並在第一個 GATT 用戶端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 要求 MTU 時，要求 BLE ATT MTU 為 517 個位元組，並忽略該 ACL 連線的所有後續 MTU 要求。

如要因應這項變更並讓應用程式更健全，請考慮下列選項：

  • 外接裝置應以外接裝置可容納的合理值回應 Android 裝置的 MTU 要求。最終協商的值會是 Android 要求的值和遠端提供的值 (例如 min(517, remoteMtu)) 的最小值。
    • 實作此修正可能需要周邊裝置的韌體更新
  • 或者，您也可以根據周邊裝置已知支援的值與收到的 MTU 變更值之間的最小值，限制 GATT 特性寫入作業。
    • 提醒您，請將標頭的支援大小減少 5 個位元組
    • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可能排入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock 上限為 64 KB

在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本中，平台會將可使用 mlock() 鎖定的最大記憶體量，從每個程序 64 KB 降至 64 KB。在先前版本中，每個程序的限制為 64 MB。這項限制可促進應用程式和系統的記憶體管理。為在各裝置上提供更一致的體驗，Android 14 新增了新的 CTS 測試，針對相容裝置的新 mlock() 限制進行測試。

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源用量

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

自 Android 14 起，系統將支援高達 200% 的字型縮放倍數，為低視能使用者提供符合無障礙網頁內容規範 (WCAG)的額外無障礙選項。

如果您已使用經過調整像素 (sp) 的單位定義文字大小，則這項變更對應用程式不會造成太大影響。不過，您應該在啟用最大字型大小 (200%) 的情況下執行 UI 測試，確保應用程式能夠在不影響可用性的情況下，因應更大的字型。

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

您可以使用媒體儲存區查詢列有儲存特定媒體檔案應用程式的 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME 資料欄。自 Android 14 版本起，除非符合下列至少一項條件，否則系統將遮蓋此值：

  • 儲存媒體檔案的應用程式會具備一律可由其他應用程式瀏覽的套件名稱。

  • 查詢媒體儲存區的應用程式會要求 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 權限。

進一步瞭解 Android 如何篩選套件的瀏覽權限，以保護隱私權。