Mudanças de comportamento: apps destinados ao Android 14 ou mais recente

Como as versões anteriores, o Android 14 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento abaixo se aplicam exclusivamente a apps destinados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) ou versões mais recentes. Caso seu app seja direcionado ao Android 14 ou versões mais recentes, faça modificações para oferecer suporte a esses comportamentos de forma adequada, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam todos os apps executados no Android 14, independente da targetSdkVersion do app.

Principal recurso

Os tipos de serviço em primeiro plano são obrigatórios

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Aplicação da permissão BLUETOOTH_CONNECT no BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Atualizações do OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

• Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

O JobScheduler reforça o comportamento dos callbacks e da rede

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, it stops and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob". Consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for asynchronous processing or migrating any heavy work into a background thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API Tiles launch

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Privacidade

Acesso parcial a fotos e vídeos

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

Experiência do usuário

Notificações seguras de intent de tela cheia

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Segurança

Restrições a intents implícitas e pendentes

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an exception would be thrown:

// Throws an exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Os broadcast receivers registrados no ambiente de execução precisam especificar o comportamento de exportação

Os apps e serviços direcionados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) ou versões mais recentes que usam receptores registrados pelo contexto precisam especificar uma flag para indicar se o receptor precisa ou não ser exportado para todos os outros apps no dispositivo: RECEIVER_EXPORTED ou RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectivamente. Esse requisito ajuda a proteger os apps contra vulnerabilidades de segurança usando os recursos desses receptores introduzidos no Android 13.

Exceção para receptores que recebem apenas transmissões do sistema

Se o app estiver registrando um receptor apenas para transmissões do sistema usando métodos Context#registerReceiver, como Context#registerReceiver(), ele não precisará especificar uma flag ao registrar o receptor.

Carregamento mais seguro de código dinâmico

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Mais restrições para o início de atividades em segundo plano

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Travessia de caminhos de arquivo ZIP

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

O consentimento do usuário é necessário para cada sessão de captura da MediaProjection

Para apps destinados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) ou versões mais recentes, uma SecurityException é gerada por MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay em um dos seguintes cenários:

• O app armazena em cache o Intent retornado de MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent e o transmite várias vezes para MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection.
• Seu app invoca MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay várias vezes na mesma instância de MediaProjection.

Seu app precisa pedir o consentimento do usuário antes de cada sessão de captura. Uma única sessão de captura é uma invocação única em MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, e cada instância de MediaProjection precisa ser usada apenas uma vez.

Processar mudanças de configuração

Se o app precisar invocar MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay para processar mudanças de configuração, como mudança de orientação ou tamanho da tela, siga estas etapas para atualizar o VirtualDisplay da instância MediaProjection já existente:

1. Invoque VirtualDisplay#resize com a nova largura e altura.
2. Forneça um novo Surface com a nova largura e altura para VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Registrar um callback

Seu app precisa registrar um callback para processar casos em que o usuário não dá consentimento para continuar uma sessão de captura. Para fazer isso, implemente Callback#onStop e faça com que o app libere todos os recursos relacionados, como VirtualDisplay e Surface.

Se o app não registrar esse callback, o MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay vai gerar uma IllegalStateException quando o invocar.

Atualização das restrições não SDK

O Android 14 inclui listas atualizadas de interfaces não SDK restritas com base na colaboração com desenvolvedores Android e nos testes internos mais recentes. Antes de restringirmos interfaces não SDK, sempre que possível, garantimos que haja alternativas públicas disponíveis.

Caso seu app não seja destinado ao Android 14, é possível que algumas dessas mudanças não afetem você imediatamente. No entanto, embora atualmente seja possível usar algumas interfaces não SDK (dependendo do nível da API de destino do app), o uso de qualquer método ou campo não SDK sempre apresenta um alto risco de corromper o app.

Se você não sabe se o app usa interfaces não SDK, é possível testá-lo para descobrir. Se ele depende de interfaces não SDK, planeje uma migração para alternativas SDK. No entanto, entendemos que alguns apps têm casos de uso válidos para interfaces não SDK. Se você não encontrar uma alternativa para deixar de usar uma interface não SDK em um recurso no app, solicite uma nova API pública.

Para saber mais sobre as mudanças dessa versão do Android, consulte Atualizações para restrições de interfaces não SDK no Android 14. Para saber mais sobre interfaces não SDK em geral, consulte Restrições para interfaces não SDK.