行為變更：指定 Android 14 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 14 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看影響所有在 Android 14 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。

核心功能

必須提供前景服務類型

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

在 BluetoothAdapter 中強制執行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 權限

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 更新

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

• Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
• ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為

自推出以來，JobScheduler 就會在幾秒內，從 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 傳回應用程式。在 Android 14 以下版本 如果工作的執行時間過長，工作就會停止，且失敗並顯示通知。 如果應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，且主執行緒的授權時間超過指定時間，應用程式就會觸發 ANR，並顯示「No response to onStartJob」或「No response to onStopJob」錯誤訊息。

這個 ANR 可能會發生在 2 種情況下： 1. 有工作會阻斷主執行緒，導致回呼 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 無法在預期的時間限制內執行及完成。2. 開發人員在 JobScheduler 回呼 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 中執行封鎖工作，導致回呼無法在預期的時間限制內完成。

如要解決 #1 問題，您需要進一步偵錯，解決主執行緒遭到阻斷的原因 您就可以使用 按下 ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() 即可取得空值標記 以及追蹤 ANR 事件的時間點如果您可以手動重現 ANR，可以記錄系統追蹤記錄，並使用 Android Studio 或 Perfetto 檢查追蹤記錄，進一步瞭解發生 ANR 時主執行緒正在執行的作業。請注意，直接使用 JobScheduler API 時，可能會發生這種情況 或使用 androidx 程式庫 WorkManager

如要解決 #2 問題，請考慮遷移至 WorkManager， 支援包裝 onStartJob 或 onStopJob 中的任何處理程序 在非同步執行緒中運作

JobScheduler 也會引進一項規定，宣告 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 權限 (若使用 setRequiredNetworkType 或 setRequiredNetwork 限制條件。如果應用程式在安排工作時未宣告 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE 權限，且指定 Android 14 以上版本，則會導致 SecurityException。

資訊方塊啟動 API

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

隱私權

相片和影片的部分存取權

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

使用者體驗

安全的全螢幕意圖通知

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

安全性

隱含和待處理意圖的限制

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

已註冊執行階段的廣播接收器必須指定匯出行為

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

更安全的動態程式碼載入

如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，並且使用動態程式碼載入 (DCL)，則所有動態載入的檔案都必須標示為唯讀。否則系統會擲回例外狀況。我們建議應用程式盡量避免使用動態載入程式碼，否則應用程式很可能會因為程式碼插入或竄改程式碼而無法正常運作。

如果您必須動態載入程式碼，請使用下列設定方法，在開啟檔案時和寫入任何內容之前，將動態載入的檔案 (例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 檔案) 設定為唯讀：

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

處理已存在的動態載入檔案

為避免現有的動態載入檔案擲回例外狀況，建議您先刪除並重新建立檔案，然後再嘗試在應用程式中動態載入這些檔案。重新建立檔案時，請按照上述指示，在寫入時將檔案標記為唯讀。或者，您也可以將現有檔案重新標示為唯讀，但在此類情況下，我們強烈建議您先驗證檔案的完整性 (例如，檢查檔案的簽名與受信任的值是否一致)，以避免應用程式遭到惡意攻擊。

從背景啟動活動的額外限制

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip Path Traversal

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

每個 MediaProjection 擷取工作階段都必須取得使用者同意

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

• Your app caches the Intent that is returned from MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent, and passes it multiple times to MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection.
• Your app invokes MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay multiple times on the same MediaProjection instance.

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

更新非 SDK 限制

基於與 Android 開發人員合作及最新的內部測試，Android 14 包含更新後的受限制非 SDK 介面清單。在限制非 SDK 介面之前，我們盡可能確保公開替代方案的可得性。

如果您的應用程式並非以 Android 14 為目標版本，則此處所述的某些變更可能不會立即對您造成影響。雖然您目前可以使用某些非 SDK 介面 (視應用程式的目標 API 級別而定)，但使用任何非 SDK 方法或欄位時，均可能面臨應用程式故障的高度風險。

如果不確定應用程式是否使用非 SDK 介面，可對應用程式進行測試以便確認。如果您的應用程式仰賴非 SDK 介面，則建議您開始規劃遷移至 SDK 替代方案。不過，我們瞭解有些應用程式可使用非 SDK 介面運作。如果您除了為應用程式中的某個功能使用非 SDK 介面外，已別無他法，則應要求新的公用 API。

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.