行為變更：指定 Android 14 以上版本的應用程式

透過集合功能整理內容 你可以依據偏好儲存及分類內容。

和先前版本一樣，Android 14 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看影響所有在 Android 14 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。

核心功能

必須提供前景服務類型

如果您的應用程式以 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標，則必須為應用程式中的每個前景服務指定至少一個前景服務類型。您應選擇代表應用程式用途的前景服務類型。系統會預期具有特定類型的前景服務，以滿足特定用途。

如果應用程式的用途與上述任一類型無關，強烈建議您遷移邏輯，以便使用 WorkManager 或使用者啟動的資料移轉作業。

在 BluetoothAdapter 中強制執行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 權限

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

OpenJDK 17 更新

Android 14 持續更新 Android 核心程式庫，以便與最新版 OpenJDK LTS 中的功能保持一致，其中包括程式庫更新以及應用程式與平台開發人員的 Java 17 語言支援。

以下部分變更可能會影響應用程式相容性：

• 規則運算式的變更：系統現在不允許無效的群組參照，以便更符合 OpenJDK 的語義學。您可能會發現 java.util.regex.Matcher 類別擲回 IllegalArgumentException 的新案例，因此請務必就使用規則運算式的應用程式層面進行測試。如要在測試時啟用或停用這項變更，請使用相容性架構工具切換 DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE 標記。
• UUID 處理：從現在起，java.util.UUID.fromString() 方法在驗證輸入引數時會執行更嚴格的檢查，因此反序列化程序期間可能會出現 IllegalArgumentException。如要在測試時啟用或停用這項變更，請使用相容性架構工具切換 ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION 標記。
• ProGuard 問題：在某些情況下，新增 java.lang.ClassValue 類別之後，當您嘗試使用 ProGuard 縮減、模糊處理及最佳化應用程式時，可能會出現問題。問題出在 Kotlin 程式庫，因為此程式庫會根據 Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") 是否傳回類別來變更執行階段的行為。如果您的應用程式是在缺乏 java.lang.ClassValue 類別的情況下，按照舊版執行階段開發，則這些最佳化做法可能會在類別中移除衍生自 java.lang.ClassValue 的 computeValue 方法。

JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

圖塊啟動 API

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

隱私權

相片和影片的部分存取權

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

使用者體驗

安全的全螢幕意圖通知

在 Android 11 (API 級別 30) 版本中，任何應用程式可在手機鎖定時使用 Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent 傳送全螢幕意圖。您可以在 AndroidManifest 中宣告 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 權限，以便在安裝應用程式時自動授予這項權限。

全螢幕意圖通知是專為需要使用者立即處理的高度優先通知設計，例如：來電或使用者設定的鬧鐘。針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標版本的應用程式，只有提供通話和鬧鐘功能的應用程式，才可以使用這項權限。凡不符合此設定檔的任何應用程式，Google Play 商店將撤銷預設的 USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 權限。這些政策異動的期限為 2024 年 5 月 31 日。

在使用者更新至 Android 14 之前，這項權限在手機應用程式中仍會保持啟用狀態。使用者可選擇啟用或停用權限。

您可以使用新的 API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent 檢查應用程式是否具備此權限；如果沒有，您的應用程式可以使用新的意圖 ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT 啟動設定頁面，以供使用者授予權限。

安全性

隱含和待處理意圖的限制

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

已註冊執行階段的廣播接收器必須指定匯出行為

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

更安全的動態程式碼載入

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

從背景啟動活動的額外限制

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip Path Traversal

針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式，Android 會透過下列方式避免 Zip Path Traversal 安全漏洞：如果 ZIP 檔案的項目名稱包含「..」或以「/」開頭，則 ZipFile(String) 和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() 會擲回 ZipException。

應用程式可透過呼叫 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback()，選擇不採用此驗證。

每個 MediaProjection 擷取工作階段都必須取得使用者同意

如果應用程式指定的是 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本，則 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 會在下列任一情況下擲回 SecurityException：

• 應用程式會快取從 MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent 傳回的 Intent，並多次將其傳遞至 MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection。
• 應用程式會在同一個 MediaProjection 例項上多次叫用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay。

應用程式必須在每次擷取工作階段前，要求使用者同意。單一擷取工作階段是對 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 的單一叫用，且每個 MediaProjection 例項只能使用一次。

處理設定變更

如果應用程式需要叫用 MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 來處理設定變更 (例如螢幕方向或螢幕大小變更)，您可以按照下列步驟更新現有 MediaProjection 例項的 VirtualDisplay：

1. 使用新的寬度和高度呼叫 VirtualDisplay#resize。
2. 提供新的 Surface，並將新的寬度和高度傳遞給 VirtualDisplay#setSurface。

註冊回呼

應用程式應註冊回呼，以便處理使用者未同意繼續擷取影像的情況。如要這麼做，請實作 Callback#onStop，並讓應用程式釋出任何相關資源 (例如 VirtualDisplay 和 Surface)。

如果應用程式未註冊此回呼，MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay 在應用程式叫用時會擲回 IllegalStateException。

更新非 SDK 限制

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

如要進一步瞭解此 Android 版本中的變更，請參閱「Android 14 的非 SDK 介面限制更新內容」。如要進一步瞭解非 SDK 介面的一般資訊，請參閱「非 SDK 介面的限制」。