行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 17 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，凡是在 Android 17 上執行的應用程式，「一律」都會受到下列行為變更所影響。您必須測試自己的應用程式，並視需要進行修改，以便在適當情況下支援這些變更。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 17 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

Android 17 (API 級別 37) 包含下列異動項目，這類變更會修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

應用程式記憶體限制

Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your applications and Android users. In Android 17, limits are set conservatively to establish system baselines, targeting extreme memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.

You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the memory limit is hit.

The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.

Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints

You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)

  • am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
  • am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
  • am memory-limiter status
ignore

Instructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID instructs the memory limiter to ignore all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass all (ignore all processes) or none (do not ignore any processes). Passing none overrides any previous calls to am memory-limiter ignore.

If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a process, you can still apply a manual memory limit to the process by calling am memory-limiter manual.

manual

Instructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID. The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing 30 specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passing max removes all memory limits on that process. Passing none removes any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).

status

Reports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.

隱私權

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，可提升使用者隱私權。

簡訊動態密碼防護

從 Android 17 開始，Android 將擴大對含有動態密碼 (OTP) 的簡訊提供保護。

在舊版 Android 中，這項保護措施主要著重於簡訊擷取器格式。含有簡訊擷取器雜湊值的訊息傳送作業延遲了三小時，大多數應用程式都受到影響。不過，某些應用程式 (例如預設 SMS 處理常式) 可免除延遲，擁有雜湊的應用程式也適用這項豁免。

從 Android 17 開始，這項保護措施也適用於 WebOTP 格式的訊息。如果應用程式有權讀取簡訊，但並非 WebOTP 訊息的預期收件者 (由網域驗證決定)，應用程式必須等到收到訊息三小時後，才能存取該訊息。這項異動的目的是提升使用者安全性，確保只有與訊息中提及的網域相關聯的應用程式，才能以程式輔助方式讀取驗證碼。

在這三小時的延遲期間，SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION 廣播會暫緩，且 SMS 供應商資料庫查詢會經過篩選。延遲後，這些應用程式就能存取簡訊。這項異動適用於所有應用程式，無論目標 API 級別為何。

預設訊息助理應用程式、連結裝置的隨附應用程式等特定應用程式，則不受這項延遲限制。如果應用程式需要讀取簡訊來擷取動態密碼，請改用 SMS Retriever 或 SMS User Consent API，確保功能不受影響。

安全性

Android 17 包含下列裝置和應用程式安全防護改善項目。

usesClearTraffic 淘汰計畫

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

  • Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
  • Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

限制隱含 URI 授權

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs using the following adb command:

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

每個應用程式的 Keystore 限制

Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.

If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:

  • Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher: getNumericErrorCode() returns the new ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS value.
  • All other apps: getNumericErrorCode() returns ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.

封鎖跨設定檔迴路流量

從 Android 17 開始，系統預設不再允許跨設定檔迴路流量。同一設定檔內的迴路流量不受影響。無論應用程式指定哪個 API 級別，只要在 Android 17 以上版本上執行，都會受到這項變更影響。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 17 包含下列變更，目的是為了打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。

裝置旋轉後自動恢復預設的 IME 版面空間

Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.

If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:

  • Set the android:windowSoftInputMode attribute to stateAlwaysVisible.
  • Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's onCreate() method, or add the onConfigurationChanged() method.

手動輸入

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，這些變更會影響應用程式與鍵盤和觸控板等人工輸入裝置的互動方式。

在指標擷取期間，觸控板預設會傳送相對事件

Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.

Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad, and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.

媒體

Android 17 包含下列媒體行為變更。

背景音訊強化

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle, the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

連線能力

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，可提升裝置連線能力。

藍牙配對遺失時自動重新配對

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

  • New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
  • Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
  • Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
  • User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

  • Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
  • Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices