行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 15 平台包含可能影響應用程式的行為變更。 下列行為變更適用於在 Android 15 上執行的所有應用程式。 無論 targetSdkVersion 為何。您應測試應用程式，然後進行修改 並視需要適時提供適當支援

請務必檢閱影響應用程式的行為變更清單 針對 Android 15 版本為目標。

核心功能

Android 15 修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

套件已停止狀態變更

一律使用套件 FLAG_STOPPED 狀態 (使用者可以長按應用程式圖示並選取「強制停止」) 以此方式，讓應用程式保持處於這個狀態，直到使用者直接啟動應用程式，或間接與應用程式互動 (透過 Sharesheet 或小工具選取應用程式做為動態桌布等) 為止。在 Android 15 中，我們更新了系統行為，以配合此預期行為。請務必讓使用者直接或間接操作，讓應用程式從停止狀態中移除。

為了支援預期的行為，除了現有的限制外，當應用程式在搭載 Android 15 的裝置上進入停止狀態時，系統也會取消所有待處理意圖。使用者的動作將應用程式從已停止狀態中移除時，系統會將 ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED 廣播傳送至應用程式，讓您的應用程式有機會重新註冊任何未完成的意圖。

您可以呼叫新的 ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() 方法，確認應用程式是否已進入停止狀態。

支援 16 KB 頁面大小

以往 Android 僅支援 4 KB 的記憶體頁面大小， 最佳化系統記憶體效能 通常 Android 裝置都有這樣的功能。從 Android 15 開始，Android 開放原始碼計畫會支援 已設定頁面大小為 16 KB (16 KB) 的裝置 裝置)。如果應用程式直接使用任何 NDK 程式庫 或者間接透過 SDK 來重建應用程式， 支援這些 16 KB 裝置

隨著裝置製造商持續開發數量更多 實體記憶體 (RAM)，這類裝置中有許多 16 KB ( ，以便最佳化裝置效能。正在新增 網頁大小支援 16 KB 頁面大小的裝置，可讓您的應用程式在這些裝置上執行 ，有助應用程式享有相關效能 如未重新編譯，應用程式可能無法在 16 KB 裝置上運作 。

為協助您為應用程式添加支援服務，我們提供了指南說明 如果您的應用程式受到影響，您可以瞭解如何 重新建構應用程式 (如適用)，以及如何在 使用模擬器的 16 KB 環境 (包括 Android 15) Android Emulator 的系統映像檔)。

優點和成效提升

Devices configured with 16 KB page sizes use slightly more memory on average, but also gain various performance improvements for both the system and apps:

  • Lower app launch times while the system is under memory pressure: 3.16% lower on average, with more significant improvements (up to 30%) for some apps that we tested
  • Reduced power draw during app launch: 4.56% reduction on average
  • Faster camera launch: 4.48% faster hot starts on average, and 6.60% faster cold starts on average
  • Improved system boot time: improved by 1.5% (approximately 0.8 seconds) on average

These improvements are based on our initial testing, and results on actual devices will likely differ. We'll provide additional analysis of potential gains for apps as we continue our testing.

確認應用程式是否受到影響

如果您的應用程式使用任何原生程式碼，則應重建應用程式並支援 16 KB 裝置。如果您不確定應用程式是否使用原生程式碼，可以使用 APK 分析工具判斷是否有任何原生程式碼。

如果應用程式只使用以 Java 程式設計語言或 Kotlin 編寫的程式碼 (包括所有程式庫或 SDK)，則應用程式已支援 16 KB 裝置。不過，建議您在 16 KB 環境中測試應用程式，確認應用程式行為並未發生非預期的迴歸問題。

必須調整部分應用程式才能支援私人空間

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

已移除 PNG 格式表情符號字型

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

  • Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
  • Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
  • As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

目標 SDK 版本下限已從 23 提高至 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

相機與媒體

Android 15 針對所有裝置的相機和媒體行為進行以下變更 應用程式。

現在當音訊資源達到資源上限時，直接開啟和卸載音訊播放功能將會撤銷先前開啟的直接或卸載音軌

在 Android 15 之前，如果應用程式在其他應用程式播放音訊時要求直接或卸載音訊播放，且達到資源限制，應用程式將無法開啟新的 AudioTrack。

自 Android 15 起，當應用程式要求直接或卸載播放，且達到資源限制時，系統會撤銷所有目前開啟的 AudioTrack 物件，使其無法執行新測試群組要求。

(直接和卸載的音軌通常會在壓縮音訊格式播放時開啟。直接播放音訊的常見用途包括透過 HDMI 將編碼音訊串流至電視。卸載軌通常用於在具有硬體 DSP 加速功能的行動裝置上播放壓縮音訊)。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 15 包含幾項變更，目的是創造更一致的體驗。 直覺的使用者體驗

針對選擇加入的應用程式，啟用預測返回動畫

從 Android 15 開始，我們移除了預測返回動畫的開發人員選項。如果應用程式已選擇啟用預測返回手勢，不論是完全或活動層級，系統現在都會顯示系統動畫，例如返回主畫面、跨工作和跨活動。如果您的應用程式受到影響，請採取下列行動：

  • 請確認應用程式已正確遷移，可使用預測返回手勢。
  • 請確保片段轉場能與預測返回導覽功能搭配運作。
  • 捨棄動畫和架構轉換，並改用動畫和 Androidx 轉場效果。
  • 捨棄 FragmentManager 不知道的返回堆疊。請改用由 FragmentManager 或 Navigation 元件管理的返回堆疊。

當使用者強制停止應用程式時停用小工具

如果使用者在搭載 Android 15 的裝置上強制停止應用程式，系統會暫時停用所有應用程式小工具。小工具會顯示為灰色，使用者無法操作。這是因為從 Android 15 開始，系統會在應用程式強制停止時，取消應用程式的所有待處理意圖。

系統會在使用者下次啟動應用程式時，重新啟用這些小工具。

詳情請參閱「套件已停止狀態的變更」。

淘汰項目

每次發布版本時，特定 Android API 可能會過時，或者必須 重構以提供更優質的開發人員體驗或支援新的平台 即便沒有技術背景，也能因這些工具的功能而受益在這種情況下，我們會正式淘汰過時的 API，並 引導開發人員改用替代 API。

淘汰意味著我們已終止對 API 的官方支援， 才能繼續向開發人員提供進一步瞭解顯著性 如要瞭解這個 Android 版本中有哪些淘汰項目，請參閱淘汰頁面。