Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 15 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento abaixo se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 15, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste o app e modifique-o conforme necessário para oferecer suporte a essas mudanças, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 15.

Principal recurso

O Android 15 modifica ou amplia vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Mudanças no estado de pacotes interrompidos

A intenção do estado do pacote FLAG_STOPPED (que os usuários podem interagir em builds do AOSP ao tocar e manter pressionado um ícone do app e selecionar "Forçar Parar") sempre foi manter os apps nesse estado até que o usuário o remova explicitamente desse estado, iniciando o app diretamente ou interagindo indiretamente com o app (por meio do Sharesheet ou de um widget, selecionando o app como plano de fundo interativo etc.). No Android 15, estamos atualizando o comportamento do sistema para que ele fique alinhado a esse comportamento pretendido. Os apps só podem ser removidos do estado interrompido com ação direta ou indireta do usuário.

Para oferecer suporte ao comportamento pretendido, além das restrições já existentes, o sistema também cancela todas as intents pendentes quando o app entra no estado interrompido em um dispositivo com o Android 15. Quando as ações do usuário removem o app do estado interrompido, a transmissão ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED é entregue ao app, oferecendo uma oportunidade de registrar novamente qualquer intent pendente.

Você pode chamar o novo método ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() para confirmar se o app foi colocado no estado interrompido.

Suporte a tamanhos de página de 16 KB

Historically, Android has only supported 4 KB memory page sizes, which has optimized system memory performance for the average amount of total memory that Android devices have typically had. Beginning with Android 15, AOSP supports devices that are configured to use a page size of 16 KB (16 KB devices). If your app uses any NDK libraries, either directly or indirectly through an SDK, then you will need to rebuild your app for it to work on these 16 KB devices.

As device manufacturers continue to build devices with larger amounts of physical memory (RAM), many of these devices will adopt 16 KB (and eventually greater) page sizes to optimize the device's performance. Adding support for 16 KB page size devices enables your app to run on these devices and helps your app benefit from the associated performance improvements. Without recompiling, apps might not work on 16 KB devices when they are productionized in future Android releases.

To help you add support for your app, we've provided guidance on how to check if your app is impacted, how to rebuild your app (if applicable), and how to test your app in a 16 KB environment using emulators (including Android 15 system images for the Android Emulator).

Benefícios e ganhos de desempenho

Devices configured with 16 KB page sizes use slightly more memory on average, but also gain various performance improvements for both the system and apps:

• Lower app launch times while the system is under memory pressure: 3.16% lower on average, with more significant improvements (up to 30%) for some apps that we tested
• Reduced power draw during app launch: 4.56% reduction on average
• Faster camera launch: 4.48% faster hot starts on average, and 6.60% faster cold starts on average
• Improved system boot time: improved by 8% (approximately 950 milliseconds) on average

These improvements are based on our initial testing, and results on actual devices will likely differ. We'll provide additional analysis of potential gains for apps as we continue our testing.

Verificar se o app vai ser afetado

If your app uses any native code, then you should rebuild your app with support for 16 KB devices. If you are unsure if your app uses native code, you can use the APK Analyzer to identify whether any native code is present and then check the alignment of ELF segments for any shared libraries that you find.

If your app only uses code written in the Java programming language or in Kotlin, including all libraries or SDKs, then your app already supports 16 KB devices. Nevertheless, we recommend that you test your app in a 16 KB environment to verify that there are no unexpected regressions in app behavior.

Mudanças necessárias para que alguns apps ofereçam suporte ao espaço particular

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

   You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

A fonte de emoji baseada em PNG foi removida

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

• Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
• Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
• As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

Aumento da versão mínima do SDK de destino de 23 para 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Segurança e privacidade

O Android 15 apresenta medidas robustas para combater a fraude de senha única (OTP, na sigla em inglês) e proteger o conteúdo sensível do usuário, com foco em aumentar a proteção do serviço de listener de notificações e do compartilhamento de tela. As principais melhorias incluem a edição de OTPs de notificações acessíveis a apps não confiáveis, o ocultamento de notificações durante o compartilhamento de tela e a proteção de atividades do app quando OTPs são publicadas. O objetivo dessas mudanças é proteger o conteúdo sensível do usuário contra atores não autorizados.

Os desenvolvedores precisam estar cientes do seguinte para garantir que os apps sejam compatíveis com as mudanças no Android 15:

OTP Redaction

O Android vai impedir que apps não confiáveis que implementam um NotificationListenerService leiam conteúdo não editado de notificações em que um OTP foi detectado. Os apps confiáveis, como as associações de gerenciador de dispositivos secundário, estão isentos dessas restrições.

Proteção de compartilhamento de tela

• O conteúdo da notificação é ocultado durante as sessões de compartilhamento de tela para preservar a privacidade do usuário. Se o app implementar setPublicVersion(), o Android vai mostrar a versão pública da notificação, que serve como uma notificação de substituição em contextos não seguros. Caso contrário, o conteúdo da notificação será editado sem nenhum outro contexto.
• Conteúdo sensível, como a entrada de senha, fica oculto para os espectadores remotos para evitar a revelação de informações sensíveis do usuário.
• As atividades de apps que postam notificações durante o compartilhamento de tela em que um OTP foi detectado serão ocultas. O conteúdo do app fica oculto do espectador remoto quando é iniciado.
• Além da identificação automática de campos sensíveis do Android, os desenvolvedores podem marcar manualmente partes do app como sensíveis usando setContentSensitivity, que é ocultado dos espectadores remotos durante o compartilhamento de tela.
• Os desenvolvedores podem ativar a opção Desativar proteções do compartilhamento de tela em Opções do desenvolvedor para serem dispensados das proteções do compartilhamento de tela para fins de demonstração ou teste. O gravador de tela padrão do sistema está isento dessas mudanças, já que as gravações permanecem no dispositivo.

Câmera e mídia

O Android 15 faz as seguintes mudanças no comportamento da câmera e da mídia para todos os apps.

A reprodução de áudio direto e de transferência invalida as faixas de áudio direto ou de transferência abertas anteriormente quando os limites de recursos são atingidos

Before Android 15, if an app requested direct or offload audio playback while another app was playing audio and the resource limits were reached, the app would fail to open a new AudioTrack.

Beginning with Android 15, when an app requests direct or offload playback and the resource limits are reached, the system invalidates any currently open AudioTrack objects which prevent fulfilling the new track request.

(Direct and offload audio tracks are typically opened for playback of compressed audio formats. Common use-cases for playing direct audio include streaming encoded audio over HDMI to a TV. Offload tracks are typically used to play compressed audio on a mobile device with hardware DSP acceleration.)

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 15 inclui algumas mudanças que têm como objetivo criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Animações de volta preditiva ativadas para apps que ativaram a opção

Beginning in Android 15, the developer option for predictive back animations has been removed. System animations such as back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity now appear for apps that have opted in to the predictive back gesture either entirely or at an activity level. If your app is affected, take the following actions:

• Ensure that your app has been properly migrated to use the predictive back gesture.
• Ensure that your fragment transitions work with predictive back navigation.
• Migrate away from animation and framework transitions and use animator and androidx transitions instead.
• Migrate away from back stacks that FragmentManager doesn't know about. Use back stacks managed by FragmentManager or by the Navigation component instead.

Widgets desativados quando o usuário interrompe um app

If a user force-stops an app on a device running Android 15, the system temporarily disables all the app's widgets. The widgets are grayed out, and the user cannot interact with them. This is because beginning with Android 15, the system cancels all an app's pending intents when the app is force-stopped.

The system re-enables those widgets the next time the user launches the app.

For more information, see Changes to package stopped state.

O ícone da barra de status de projeção de mídia alerta os usuários sobre o compartilhamento, a transmissão e a gravação de tela

Screen projection exploits expose private user data such as financial information because users don't realize their device screen is being shared. Android has until now shown screen cast and screen record icons on the status bar, but the icons are small and often overlooked. Also, stopping screen sharing or recording is cumbersome because controls are in Quick Settings.

Android 15 introduces a new status bar chip that is large and prominent, which should alert users to any in-progress screen projection. Users can tap the chip to stop their screen from being shared, cast, or recorded.

To provide an intuitive user experience, screen projection now automatically stops when the device screen is locked.

Benefits and performance gains

The new media projection status bar chip enhances the user experience as follows:

• Alerts users to in-progress screen sharing, casting, or recording
• Enable users to terminate screen projection by tapping the chip

Automatic suspension of screen projection when the device screen is locked ensures user privacy.

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the new status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates. Test your app by implementing the onStop() method of the MediaProjection.Callback. Verify that your app responds appropriately when the screen projection stops as a result of the user tapping the status bar chip or when the lock screen activates.

Suspensões de uso

A cada versão, algumas APIs específicas do Android podem se tornar obsoletas ou precisar ser refatoradas para fornecer uma melhor experiência aos desenvolvedores ou oferecer compatibilidade com as novas funcionalidades da plataforma. Nesses casos, descontinuamos oficialmente as APIs obsoletas e direcionamos os desenvolvedores para APIs alternativas.

Descontinuação significa que encerramos o suporte oficial para as APIs, mas elas continuarão disponíveis para os desenvolvedores. Para saber mais sobre as descontinuações importantes nesta versão do Android, consulte a página descontinuações.