行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

自 Android 14 起，當應用程式呼叫 killBackgroundProcesses() 時， API 只能終止您自有應用程式的背景處理程序。

如果傳入其他應用程式的套件名稱，此方法不會，而 Logcat 中會顯示以下訊息：

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

您的應用程式不應使用 killBackgroundProcesses() API，或嘗試影響其他應用程式的處理程序生命週期，即使是在舊版 OS 上也是如此。Android 的設計是為了在背景作業中保留快取的應用程式，並且能夠在系統需要記憶體時自動終止這些應用程式。如果您的應用程式不小心關閉其他應用程式，可能會因為需要在稍後重新啟動這些應用程式 (比起恢復現有已快取的應用程式會耗用更多的資源)，進而降低系統效能並增加電池用量。

MTU 會設為 517，供第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端使用

Starting from Android 14, the Android Bluetooth stack more strictly adheres to Version 5.2 of the Bluetooth Core Specification and requests the BLE ATT MTU to 517 bytes when the first GATT client requests an MTU using the BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, and disregards all subsequent MTU requests on that ACL connection.

To address this change and make your app more robust, consider the following options:

Your peripheral device should respond to the Android device's MTU request with a reasonable value that can be accommodated by the peripheral. The final negotiated value will be a minimum of the Android requested value and the remote provided value (for example, min(517, remoteMtu))
- Implementing this fix could require a firmware update for peripheral
Alternatively, limit your GATT characteristic writes based on the minimum between the known supported value of your peripheral and the received MTU change
- A reminder that you should reduce 5 bytes from the supported size for the headers
- For example: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可能排入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 推出了應用程式可放入受限制待命值區的新原因。應用程式的工作因 onStartJob、onStopJob 或 onBind 方法逾時而多次觸發 ANR 錯誤。(如要瞭解 onStartJob 和 onStopJob 的變更，請參閱「JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為」)。

如要追蹤應用程式是否已進入受限制的待機區塊，建議您在工作執行時使用 API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() 進行記錄，或在應用程式啟動時使用 UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf()。

mlock 上限為 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源用量

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

如果您的應用程式會向使用者顯示無法關閉的前景通知，則 Android 14 已變更允許使用者關閉此類通知的行為。

這項異動適用於防止使用者關閉前景的應用程式將 Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 設為 Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) 或 NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true)。當 FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT 已變更，以便讓這類通知確實存在可由使用者關閉。

使用者無法在以下情況中關閉這些類型的通知條件：

手機鎖定時
當使用者選取全部清除通知動作 (有助意外關閉)

此外，這項新行為也不適用於以下用途：

CallStyle 通知
裝置政策控制器 (DPC) 與企業支援套件
媒體通知
預設搜尋選取器套件

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing users with additional accessibility options.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.
The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Caution: Use of the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission is subject to Google Play Policy.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.