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Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 17 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 17, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya Anda menguji aplikasi, lalu memodifikasinya sesuai yang diperlukan untuk mendukung perubahan ini, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 17.

Fungsi inti

Android 17 (API level 37) menyertakan perubahan berikut yang mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Batas memori aplikasi

Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your applications and Android users. In Android 17, limits are set conservatively to establish system baselines, targeting extreme memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.

You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the memory limit is hit.

The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.

Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints

You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)

am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
am memory-limiter status

ignore: Instructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID instructs the memory limiter to ignore all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass all (ignore all processes) or none (do not ignore any processes). Passing none overrides any previous calls to am memory-limiter ignore.; If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a process, you can still apply a manual memory limit to the process by calling am memory-limiter manual.
manual: Instructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID. The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing 30 specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passing max removes all memory limits on that process. Passing none removes any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).
status: Reports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.

Privasi

Android 17 menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk meningkatkan privasi pengguna.

Perlindungan OTP SMS

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

Keamanan

Android 17 menyertakan peningkatan berikut untuk keamanan perangkat dan aplikasi.

Paket penghentian penggunaan usesClearTraffic

Dalam rilis mendatang, kami berencana untuk menghentikan penggunaan elemen usesCleartextTraffic. Aplikasi yang perlu membuat koneksi yang tidak dienkripsi (HTTP) harus bermigrasi ke penggunaan file konfigurasi keamanan jaringan, yang memungkinkan Anda menentukan domain yang perlu dihubungkan oleh aplikasi Anda menggunakan cleartext.

Perlu diketahui bahwa file konfigurasi keamanan jaringan hanya didukung di level API 24 dan yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda memiliki level API minimum yang lebih rendah dari 24, Anda harus melakukan kedua hal berikut:

Tetapkan atribut usesCleartextTraffic ke true
Menggunakan file konfigurasi jaringan

Jika API level minimum aplikasi Anda adalah 24 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda dapat menggunakan file konfigurasi jaringan dan tidak perlu menetapkan usesCleartextTraffic.

Membatasi pemberian URI implisit

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. We plan to change this behavior in Android 18. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

Batas keystore per aplikasi

Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.

If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:

Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher: getNumericErrorCode() returns the new ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS value.
All other apps: getNumericErrorCode() returns ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.

Memblokir traffic loopback lintas profil

Beginning with Android 17, cross-profile loopback traffic is no longer permitted by default. Loopback traffic within the same profile is not affected. This change applies to all apps running on Android 17 or higher, regardless of what API level the app targets.

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 17 menyertakan perubahan berikut yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Memulihkan visibilitas IME default setelah rotasi

Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.

If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:

Set the android:windowSoftInputMode attribute to stateAlwaysVisible.
Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's onCreate() method, or add the onConfigurationChanged() method.

Input manusia

Android 17 menyertakan perubahan berikut yang memengaruhi cara aplikasi berinteraksi dengan perangkat input manusia seperti keyboard dan touchpad.

Touchpad mengirimkan peristiwa relatif secara default selama pengambilan pointer

Mulai Android 17, jika aplikasi meminta pengambilan pointer menggunakan View.requestPointerCapture() dan pengguna menggunakan touchpad, sistem akan mengenali gerakan pointer dan gestur scroll dari sentuhan pengguna dan melaporkannya ke aplikasi dengan cara yang sama seperti gerakan pointer dan roda scroll dari mouse yang diambil. Dalam sebagian besar kasus, hal ini menghilangkan kebutuhan aplikasi yang mendukung mouse yang diambil untuk menambahkan logika penanganan khusus untuk touchpad. Untuk mengetahui detail selengkapnya, lihat dokumentasi untuk View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.

Sebelumnya, sistem tidak mencoba mengenali gestur dari touchpad, dan malah mengirimkan lokasi jari absolut mentah ke aplikasi dalam format yang mirip dengan sentuhan layar sentuh. Jika aplikasi masih memerlukan data absolut ini, aplikasi harus memanggil metode View.requestPointerCapture(int) baru dengan View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE sebagai gantinya.

Media

Android 17 menyertakan perubahan berikut pada perilaku media.

Penguatan audio latar belakang

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle, the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

Konektivitas

Android 17 menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk meningkatkan konektivitas perangkat.

Pemasangan ulang otomatis untuk kehilangan ikatan Bluetooth

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices