Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 17 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 17, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste o app e modifique-o conforme necessário para oferecer suporte a essas mudanças, se necessário.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 17.

Principal recurso

O Android 17 (nível da API 37) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Limites de memória para apps

O Android 17 introduz limites de memória de apps com base na RAM total do dispositivo para criar um ambiente mais estável e determinístico para seus apps e usuários do Android. No Android 17, os limites são definidos de forma conservadora para estabelecer valores de referência do sistema, visando vazamentos de memória extremos e outros outliers antes que eles causem instabilidade em todo o sistema, resultando em renderização lenta da interface, consumo elevado da bateria e encerramento de apps. Embora prevejamos um impacto mínimo na grande maioria das sessões de apps, recomendamos as práticas recomendadas de memória a seguir, incluindo o estabelecimento de um valor de referência para a memória.

Para determinar se a sessão do app foi afetada, chame getDescription em ApplicationExitInfo. Se o app foi afetado, o motivo da saída será REASON_OTHER e a descrição vai conter a string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap", além de outras informações. Também é possível usar o criação de perfil com base em acionadores com TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY para receber despejos de heap coletados quando o limite de memória é atingido.

A documentação Gerenciar a memória do seu app fornece informações para ajudar você a diagnosticar problemas de memória do app e otimizar o consumo de recursos.

Testar o comportamento do app sob restrições de memória

É possível usar o Android Debug Bridge (adb) para ajustar ou desativar os limites de memória em qualquer dispositivo que os imponha. O comando shell am oferece três subcomandos para ajustar os limites de memória. Esses comandos não têm efeito em um dispositivo que não impõe limites de memória.

  • am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
  • am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
  • am memory-limiter status
ignore

Instrui o limitador de memória a ignorar alguns ou todos os processos. Ao transmitir um UID (ID de usuário do Android), você instrui o limitador de memória a ignorar a aplicação em todos os processos associados a esse UID. Você também pode transmitir all (ignorar todos os apps) ou none (não ignorar nenhum app). A transmissão de none substitui todas as chamadas anteriores para am memory-limiter ignore.

Se você instruir o limitador de memória a ignorar um UID, ainda poderá aplicar um limite de memória manual a um processo no app chamando am memory-limiter manual.

manual

Instrui o sistema a impor uma restrição de memória ao processo com o PID (ID do processo) especificado. A restrição de memória é especificada como um número inteiro de MB. Por exemplo, transmitir 30 especifica que o processo está limitado a 30 MB de memória. Transmitir max remove todos os limites de memória desse processo. Transmitir none remove todos os limites manuais definidos no processo, restaurando o limite padrão do sistema (se houver).

status

Informa o status atual do limitador de memória. O status inclui os limites de memória impostos a processos visíveis e não visíveis.

Privacidade

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes mudanças para melhorar a privacidade do usuário.

Proteção de OTP por SMS

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

Segurança

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes melhorias na segurança de dispositivos e apps.

Plano de descontinuação de usesClearTraffic

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

  • Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
  • Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

Restrição das concessões implícitas de URI

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs using the following adb command:

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

Limites de keystore por app

Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.

If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:

  • Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher: getNumericErrorCode() returns the new ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS value.
  • All other apps: getNumericErrorCode() returns ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.

Bloquear o tráfego de loopback entre perfis unificados

Beginning with Android 17, cross-profile loopback traffic is no longer permitted by default. Loopback traffic within the same profile is not affected. This change applies to all apps running on Android 17 or higher, regardless of what API level the app targets.

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Restauração da visibilidade padrão do IME após a rotação

Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.

If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:

  • Set the android:windowSoftInputMode attribute to stateAlwaysVisible.
  • Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's onCreate() method, or add the onConfigurationChanged() method.

Contribuição humana

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes mudanças que afetam a forma como os apps interagem com dispositivos de entrada humana, como teclados e touchpads.

Os touchpads oferecem eventos relativos por padrão durante a captura de ponteiro

Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.

Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad, and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.

Mídia

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes mudanças no comportamento de mídia.

Reforço da proteção de áudio em segundo plano

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle, the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

Conectividade

O Android 17 inclui as seguintes mudanças para melhorar a conectividade do dispositivo.

Novo pareamento autônomo para perdas de vinculação Bluetooth

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

  • New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
  • Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
  • Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
  • User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

  • Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
  • Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices