Nền tảng Android 17 có các thay đổi về hành vi có thể ảnh hưởng đến ứng dụng của bạn.
Những thay đổi về hành vi sau đây áp dụng cho tất cả ứng dụng chạy trên Android 17,
bất kể targetSdkVersion. Bạn nên kiểm thử ứng dụng rồi sửa đổi để hỗ trợ những thay đổi này cho phù hợp (nếu cần).
Ngoài ra, hãy nhớ tham khảo danh sách thay đổi về hành vi chỉ ảnh hưởng đến những ứng dụng nhắm đến Android 17.
Chức năng cốt lõi
Android 17 (API cấp 37) có những thay đổi sau đây giúp sửa đổi hoặc mở rộng nhiều chức năng cốt lõi của hệ thống Android.
Giới hạn bộ nhớ ứng dụng
Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your apps and Android users. These limits focus on memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.
You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling
getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was
affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and
the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with
other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with
TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the
memory limit is hit.
The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.
Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints
You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the
memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am
provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have
no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)
am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|allam memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|noneam memory-limiter status
ignoreInstructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID (Android User ID) instructs the memory limiter to ignore enforcement on all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass
all(ignore all apps) ornone(do not ignore any apps). Passingnoneoverrides any previous calls toam memory-limiter ignore.If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a UID, you can still apply a manual memory limit to a process within the app by calling
am memory-limiter manual.manualInstructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID (Process ID). The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing
30specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passingmaxremoves all memory limits on that process. Passingnoneremoves any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).statusReports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.
Quyền riêng tư
Android 17 có những thay đổi sau đây để cải thiện quyền riêng tư của người dùng.
Bảo vệ mã OTP qua tin nhắn SMS
Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).
In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.
Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.
During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is
withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The
SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to
all apps, regardless of their target API level.
Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.
Bảo mật
Android 17 có những điểm cải tiến sau đây về bảo mật thiết bị và ứng dụng.
Kế hoạch ngừng sử dụng usesClearTraffic
Trong một bản phát hành trong tương lai, chúng tôi dự định sẽ ngừng sử dụng phần tử usesCleartextTraffic.
Những ứng dụng cần thực hiện kết nối không được mã hoá (HTTP) nên di chuyển sang
sử dụng tệp cấu hình bảo mật mạng. Tệp này cho phép bạn
chỉ định những miền mà ứng dụng cần kết nối văn bản thô.
Xin lưu ý rằng tệp cấu hình bảo mật mạng chỉ được hỗ trợ trên API cấp 24 trở lên. Nếu ứng dụng của bạn có cấp độ API tối thiểu thấp hơn 24, bạn nên thực hiện cả hai việc sau:
- Đặt thuộc tính
usesCleartextTrafficthànhtrue - Sử dụng tệp cấu hình mạng
Nếu cấp độ API tối thiểu của ứng dụng là 24 trở lên, bạn có thể sử dụng tệp cấu hình mạng và không cần đặt usesCleartextTraffic.
Hạn chế cấp quyền URI ngầm ẩn
Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action
ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and
write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will
no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend
that apps explicitly grant the
relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.
To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with
detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:
Kotlin
val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder() .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() .penaltyLog() .build() StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)
Java
StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder() .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() .penaltyLog() .build(); StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);
Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message
Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly
sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs
using the following adb command:
adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"
To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the
FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and
ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:
Kotlin
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
Java
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);
Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and
FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:
Kotlin
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)
Java
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);
Giới hạn kho khoá cho mỗi ứng dụng
Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.
If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a
KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information
about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the
exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:
- Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher:
getNumericErrorCode()returns the newERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYSvalue. - All other apps:
getNumericErrorCode()returnsERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.
Chặn lưu lượng truy cập vòng lặp trên nhiều hồ sơ
Kể từ Android 17, lưu lượng truy cập vòng lặp liên hồ sơ không còn được phép theo mặc định. Lưu lượng truy cập vòng lặp trong cùng một hồ sơ sẽ không bị ảnh hưởng. Thay đổi này áp dụng cho tất cả ứng dụng chạy trên Android 17 trở lên, bất kể ứng dụng nhắm đến cấp độ API nào.
Trải nghiệm người dùng và giao diện người dùng hệ thống
Android 17 có những thay đổi sau đây nhằm tạo ra trải nghiệm người dùng nhất quán và trực quan hơn.
Khôi phục chế độ hiển thị IME mặc định sau khi xoay
Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.
If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:
- Set the
android:windowSoftInputModeattribute tostateAlwaysVisible. - Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's
onCreate()method, or add theonConfigurationChanged()method.
Dữ liệu đầu vào của con người
Android 17 có những thay đổi sau đây ảnh hưởng đến cách ứng dụng tương tác với các thiết bị đầu vào của con người như bàn phím và bàn di chuột.
Bàn di chuột cung cấp các sự kiện tương đối theo mặc định trong quá trình ghi lại con trỏ
Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using
View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system
recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and
reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements
from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that
support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more
details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.
Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad,
and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar
format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it
should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with
View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.
Nội dung nghe nhìn
Android 17 có những thay đổi sau đây về hành vi của nội dung nghe nhìn.
Tăng cường bảo mật âm thanh ở chế độ nền
Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.
If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle,
the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an
exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the
result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.
For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.
Khả năng kết nối
Android 17 có những thay đổi sau đây để tăng cường khả năng kết nối của thiết bị.
Tự động ghép nối lại khi mất liên kết Bluetooth
Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.
Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.
While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:
- New pairing context: The
ACTION_PAIRING_REQUESTnow includes theEXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXTextra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt. - Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
- Modified intent timing: The
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background. - User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.
Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:
- Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
- Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices