Mudanças de comportamento: apps destinados ao Android 16 ou versões mais recentes

Como nas versões anteriores, o Android 16 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças de comportamento a seguir se aplicam exclusivamente a apps destinados ao Android 16 ou versões mais recentes. Se o app for direcionado ao Android 16 ou a versões mais recentes, faça modificações para oferecer suporte a esses comportamentos, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam todos os apps executados no Android 16, independente da targetSdkVersion do seu app.

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

A opção de recusa de ponta a ponta vai ser desativada

O Android 15 impôs o modo de ponta a ponta para apps direcionados ao Android 15 (nível 35 da API), mas seu app pode desativar essa opção definindo R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement como true. Em apps direcionados ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement está descontinuado e desativado, e seu app não pode desativar o modo de ponta a ponta.

• Se o app for destinado ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) e estiver sendo executado em um dispositivo Android 15, o R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement vai continuar funcionando.
• Se o app for direcionado ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) e estiver sendo executado em um dispositivo Android 16, o R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement será desativado.

Para testar no Android 16, verifique se o app é compatível com o modo de ponta a ponta e remova qualquer uso de R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement para que o app também seja compatível com o modo de ponta a ponta em um dispositivo Android 15. Para oferecer suporte de ponta a ponta, consulte as orientações do Compose e do Views.

Migração ou desativação necessárias para a volta preditiva

Em apps direcionados ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) ou mais recente e executados em um dispositivo Android 16 ou mais recente, as animações preditivas do sistema de retorno (voltar para a tela inicial, entre tarefas e entre atividades) são ativadas por padrão. Além disso, onBackPressed não é chamado, e KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK não é mais enviado.

Se o app interceptar o evento de retorno e você ainda não tiver migrado para a volta preditiva, atualize o app para usar as APIs de navegação de retorno compatíveis ou desative temporariamente definindo o atributo android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback como false na tag <application> ou <activity> do arquivo AndroidManifest.xml do app.

APIs de fontes elegantes descontinuadas e desativadas

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

Principal recurso

O Android 16 (API de nível 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Otimização da programação de trabalho com taxa fixa

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Formatos de dispositivos

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças para apps quando mostrados em dispositivos de tela grande.

Layouts adaptáveis

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions no longer apply on displays with smallest width >= 600dp. Apps fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability. Make your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Saúde e fitness

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças relacionadas a dados de saúde e condicionamento físico.

Permissões de saúde e fitness

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Conectividade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças na pilha Bluetooth para melhorar a conectividade com dispositivos periféricos.

Novas intents para lidar com perda de vinculação e mudanças de criptografia

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

Nova maneira de remover a vinculação Bluetooth

Todos os apps destinados ao Android 16 agora podem desvincular dispositivos Bluetooth usando uma API pública em CompanionDeviceManager. Se um dispositivo complementar estiver sendo gerenciado como uma associação de CDM, o app poderá acionar a remoção de pareamento Bluetooth usando a nova API removeBond(int) no dispositivo associado. O app pode monitorar as mudanças de estado de vinculação ouvindo o evento de transmissão do dispositivo Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Segurança

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças de segurança.

Bloqueio da versão do MediaStore

Para apps destinados ao Android 16 ou mais recente, o MediaStore#getVersion() agora será exclusivo para cada app. Isso elimina as propriedades de identificação da string de versão para evitar abuso e uso para técnicas de impressão digital. Os apps não podem fazer suposições sobre o formato dessa versão. Os apps já precisam processar mudanças de versão ao usar essa API e, na maioria dos casos, não precisam mudar o comportamento atual, a menos que o desenvolvedor tenha tentado inferir informações adicionais que estão além do escopo pretendido dessa API.

Intents mais seguras

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Filtragem de syscalls da GPU

Para reforçar a superfície da GPU Mali, os IOCTLs da GPU Mali que foram descontinuados ou destinados apenas ao desenvolvimento de GPU foram bloqueados em builds de produção. Além disso, as IOCTLs usadas para criação de perfil de GPU foram restritas ao processo do shell ou a aplicativos depuráveis. Consulte a atualização do SAC para mais detalhes sobre a política no nível da plataforma.

Essa mudança ocorre em dispositivos Pixel que usam a GPU Mali (Pixel 6 a 9). A Arm forneceu a categorização oficial dos IOCTLs em Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst da versão r54p2. Essa lista vai continuar sendo atualizada em versões futuras do driver.

Essa mudança não afeta as APIs gráficas compatíveis (incluindo Vulkan e OpenGL) e não deve impactar desenvolvedores ou aplicativos atuais. As ferramentas de criação de perfil da GPU, como o Streamline Performance Analyzer e o Android GPU Inspector, não serão afetadas.

Teste

Se você encontrar uma negação do SELinux semelhante a esta, é provável que seu aplicativo tenha sido afetado por essa mudança:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

Se o aplicativo precisar usar IOCTLs bloqueados, registre um bug e atribua-o a android-partner-security@google.com.

Perguntas frequentes

1. Essa mudança na política se aplica a todos os OEMs? Essa mudança será opcional, mas estará disponível para qualquer OEM que queira usar esse método de proteção. As instruções para implementar a mudança estão na documentação de implementação.

2. É obrigatório fazer mudanças na base de código do OEM para implementar isso, ou o recurso vem com uma nova versão do AOSP por padrão? A mudança no nível da plataforma virá com uma nova versão do AOSP por padrão. Os fornecedores podem ativar essa mudança no codebase se quiserem aplicá-la.

3. Os SoCs são responsáveis por manter a lista de IOCTLs atualizada? Por exemplo, se meu dispositivo usa uma GPU ARM Mali, preciso entrar em contato com a ARM para fazer alguma mudança? Os SoCs individuais precisam atualizar as listas de IOCTL por dispositivo após o lançamento do driver. Por exemplo, a ARM vai atualizar a lista de IOCTLs publicada quando houver atualizações de driver. No entanto, os OEMs precisam incorporar as atualizações na SEPolicy e adicionar os IOCTLs personalizados selecionados às listas, conforme necessário.

4. Essa mudança se aplica automaticamente a todos os dispositivos Pixel à venda ou é necessário que o usuário faça alguma ação para ativar algo e aplicar a mudança? Essa mudança se aplica a todos os dispositivos Pixel no mercado que usam a GPU Mali (Pixel 6 a 9). Nenhuma ação do usuário é necessária para aplicar essa mudança.

5. O uso dessa política afeta o desempenho do driver do kernel? Essa política foi testada na GPU Mali usando o GFXBench, e não foi observada nenhuma mudança mensurável no desempenho da GPU.

6. É necessário que a lista de IOCTLs esteja alinhada com as versões atuais do espaço do usuário e do driver do kernel? Sim, a lista de IOCTLs permitidos precisa ser sincronizada com os IOCTLs compatíveis com os drivers de espaço do usuário e do kernel. Se as IOCTLs no espaço do usuário ou no driver do kernel forem atualizadas, a lista de IOCTLs da SEPolicy também precisará ser atualizada para corresponder.

7. A ARM categorizou IOCTLs como "restritas" / "instrumentação", mas queremos usar algumas delas em casos de uso de produção e/ou negar outras. Cada OEM/SoC é responsável por decidir como categorizar os IOCTLs usados com base na configuração das bibliotecas Mali do espaço do usuário. A lista da ARM pode ser usada para ajudar a decidir sobre isso, mas o caso de uso de cada OEM/SoC pode ser diferente.

Privacidade

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças de privacidade.

Permissão de rede local

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and 26Q2 respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Fotos do app

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.