Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 14, terlepas dari aplikasi targetSdkVersion.

Fungsi inti

Jenis layanan latar depan wajib diisi

Jika menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi, aplikasi Anda harus menentukan setidaknya satu jenis layanan latar depan untuk setiap layanan latar depan dalam aplikasi Anda. Anda harus memilih jenis layanan latar depan yang mewakili kasus penggunaan aplikasi. Sistem mengharapkan layanan latar depan yang memiliki jenis tertentu untuk memenuhi kasus penggunaan tertentu.

Jika kasus penggunaan di aplikasi Anda tidak terkait dengan salah satu jenis ini, sebaiknya migrasikan logika untuk menggunakan WorkManager atau tugas transfer data yang dimulai pengguna

Pemberlakuan izin BLUETOOTH_CONNECT di BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 menerapkan izin BLUETOOTH_CONNECT saat memanggil metode getProfileConnectionState() BluetoothAdapter untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (level API 34) atau yang lebih tinggi.

Metode ini sudah memerlukan izin BLUETOOTH_CONNECT, tetapi tidak diterapkan. Pastikan aplikasi Anda mendeklarasikan BLUETOOTH_CONNECT dalam file AndroidManifest.xml aplikasi seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam cuplikan berikut dan periksa apakah pengguna telah memberikan izin sebelum memanggil getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler memperkuat perilaku callback dan jaringan

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API peluncuran kartu

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Privasi

Akses sebagian ke foto dan video

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

Pengalaman pengguna

Notifikasi Intent layar penuh yang aman

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Keamanan

Pembatasan ke intent yang implisit dan tertunda

Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi, Android membatasi pengiriman intent implisit ke komponen aplikasi internal dengan cara berikut:

  • Intent implisit hanya dikirim ke komponen yang diekspor. Aplikasi harus menggunakan intent eksplisit untuk mengirim ke komponen yang tidak diekspor, atau menandai komponen sebagai diekspor.
  • Jika aplikasi membuat intent tertunda yang dapat berubah dengan intent yang tidak menentukan komponen atau paket, sistem akan menampilkan pengecualian.

Perubahan ini mencegah aplikasi berbahaya agar tidak mencegat intent implisit yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan oleh komponen internal aplikasi.

Misalnya, berikut ini filter intent yang dapat dideklarasikan dalam file manifes aplikasi Anda:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

Jika aplikasi Anda mencoba meluncurkan aktivitas ini menggunakan intent implisit, pengecualian ActivityNotFoundException akan ditampilkan:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

Untuk meluncurkan aktivitas yang tidak diekspor, aplikasi Anda harus menggunakan intent eksplisit:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Penerima siaran yang terdaftar runtime harus menentukan perilaku ekspor

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Pemuatan kode dinamis yang lebih aman

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Batasan tambahan dalam memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang

Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi, sistem akan lebih membatasi kapan aplikasi diizinkan untuk memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang:

  • Saat mengirim PendingIntent menggunakan PendingIntent#send() atau metode serupa, aplikasi harus memilih ikut serta jika ingin memberikan hak istimewa peluncuran aktivitas latar belakangnya sendiri untuk memulai intent yang tertunda. Untuk ikut serta, aplikasi harus meneruskan paket ActivityOptions dengan setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
  • Saat aplikasi yang terlihat mengikat layanan dari aplikasi lain yang ada di latar belakang menggunakan metode bindService(), aplikasi yang terlihat kini harus memilih ikut serta jika ingin memberikan hak istimewa peluncuran aktivitas latar belakangnya ke layanan terikat. Untuk ikut serta, aplikasi harus menyertakan flag BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS saat memanggil metode bindService().

Perubahan ini memperluas rangkaian pembatasan yang ada untuk melindungi pengguna dengan mencegah aplikasi berbahaya agar tidak menyalahgunakan API untuk memulai aktivitas yang mengganggu dari latar belakang.

Zip path traversal

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

  1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
  2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 14 menyertakan daftar terbaru antarmuka non-SDK yang dibatasi berdasarkan kolaborasi dengan developer Android dan pengujian internal terbaru. Jika memungkinkan, kami akan memastikan ketersediaan alternatif publik sebelum membatasi antarmuka non-SDK.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menargetkan Android 14, beberapa perubahan ini mungkin tidak langsung memengaruhi Anda. Namun, meskipun saat ini Anda dapat menggunakan beberapa antarmuka non-SDK (bergantung pada API level target aplikasi Anda), penggunaan metode atau kolom non-SDK tetap sangat berisiko merusak aplikasi Anda.

Jika tidak yakin apakah aplikasi Anda menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK atau tidak, Anda dapat menguji aplikasi untuk mencari tahu. Jika aplikasi Anda mengandalkan antarmuka non-SDK, sebaiknya mulailah merencanakan migrasi ke alternatif SDK. Meskipun begitu, kami paham bahwa beberapa aplikasi memiliki kasus penggunaan yang valid untuk menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK. Jika tidak dapat menemukan alternatif penggunaan antarmuka non-SDK untuk fitur dalam aplikasi Anda, sebaiknya minta API publik baru.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.