Cambios en el comportamiento: apps orientadas a Android 14 o versiones posteriores

Al igual que las versiones anteriores, Android 14 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar tu app. Los siguientes cambios se aplican exclusivamente a las apps orientadas a Android 14 (nivel de API 34) o versiones posteriores. Si tu app está orientada a Android 14 o versiones posteriores, debes modificarla para que admita estos comportamientos correctamente, cuando corresponda.

Asegúrate de revisar también la lista de cambios de comportamiento que afectan a todas las apps que se ejecutan en Android 14, independientemente de targetSdkVersion de la app.

Funcionalidad principal

Los tipos de servicio en primer plano son obligatorios

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Aplicación forzosa del permiso BLUETOOTH_CONNECT en BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 aplica el permiso BLUETOOTH_CONNECT cuando se llama al método BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() para apps orientadas a Android 14 (nivel de API 34) o versiones posteriores.

Este método ya requería el permiso BLUETOOTH_CONNECT, pero no se aplicaba. Asegúrate de que tu app declare BLUETOOTH_CONNECT en el archivo AndroidManifest.xml, como se muestra en el siguiente fragmento, y verifica que un usuario haya otorgado el permiso antes de llamar a getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Actualizaciones de OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continúa la tarea de actualizar las bibliotecas principales de Android para alinearlas con las funciones de las versiones más recientes de LTS de OpenJDK, lo que incluye las actualizaciones de bibliotecas y la compatibilidad con el lenguaje Java 17 para desarrolladores de apps y plataformas.

Algunos de estos cambios pueden afectar la compatibilidad de la app:

• Cambios en las expresiones regulares: Ahora no se permite que las referencias de grupo no válidas sigan la semántica de OpenJDK. Es posible que veas casos nuevos en los que la clase java.util.regex.Matcher arroje IllegalArgumentException, así que asegúrate de probar tu app para detectar áreas que usen expresiones regulares. Para habilitar o inhabilitar este cambio durante las pruebas, activa o desactiva la marca DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE con las herramientas del marco de compatibilidad.
• Manejo de UUID: El método java.util.UUID.fromString() ahora realiza verificaciones más estrictas cuando se valida el argumento de entrada, por lo que es posible que veas una IllegalArgumentException durante deserialización. Para habilitar o inhabilitar este cambio durante las pruebas, activa o desactiva la marca ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION con las herramientas del marco de compatibilidad.
• Problemas de ProGuard: En algunos casos, la adición de la clase java.lang.ClassValue genera un problema si intentas reducir, ofuscar y optimizar la app con ProGuard. El problema se origina en una biblioteca de Kotlin que cambia el comportamiento del tiempo de ejecución en función de si Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") muestra una clase o no. Si tu app se desarrolló en una versión anterior del tiempo de ejecución sin la clase java.lang.ClassValue disponible, estas optimizaciones podrían quitar el método computeValue de las clases derivadas de java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler refuerza el comportamiento de devolución de llamada y de red

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API de lanzamiento de tarjetas

En el caso de las apps orientadas a 14 y versiones posteriores, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) dejó de estar disponible y ahora arroja una excepción cuando se la llama. Si tu app inicia actividades desde tarjetas, usa TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) en su lugar.

Privacidad

Acceso parcial a fotos y videos

En Android 14, se introduce el acceso a fotos seleccionadas, que permite a los usuarios otorgar a las apps acceso a imágenes y videos específicos de su biblioteca, en lugar de dar acceso a todo el contenido multimedia de un tipo determinado.

Este cambio solo se habilita si tu app se orienta a Android 14 (nivel de API 34) o versiones posteriores. Si aún no usas el selector de fotos, te recomendamos que lo implementes en tu app para proporcionar una experiencia coherente para seleccionar imágenes y videos que también mejore la privacidad del usuario sin tener que solicitar ningún permiso de almacenamiento.

Si mantienes tu propio selector de galería mediante permisos de almacenamiento y necesitas mantener el control total sobre tu implementación, adapta tu implementación para usar el nuevo permiso READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED. Si tu app no usa el permiso nuevo, el sistema la ejecuta en un modo de compatibilidad.

Experiencia del usuario

Notificaciones de intent de pantalla completa seguras

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Seguridad

Restricciones a intents implícitos y pendientes

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

• Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
• If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Los receptores de transmisiones registradas en el tiempo de ejecución deben especificar el comportamiento de exportación

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Carga más segura del código dinámico

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Restricciones adicionales sobre el inicio de actividades en segundo plano

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

• When an app sends a PendingIntent using PendingIntent#send() or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass an ActivityOptions bundle with setPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED).
• When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background using the bindService() method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include the BIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS flag when calling the bindService() method.

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Salto de directorio del archivo ZIP

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

Se requiere el consentimiento del usuario para cada sesión de captura de MediaProjection.

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

• Your app caches the Intent that is returned from MediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent, and passes it multiple times to MediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection.
• Your app invokes MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay multiple times on the same MediaProjection instance.

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Actualización de restricciones que no pertenecen al SDK

Android 14 incluye listas actualizadas de este tipo de interfaces que están basadas en la colaboración con desarrolladores de Android y las pruebas internas más recientes. Siempre que sea posible, nos aseguramos de que las alternativas públicas estén disponibles antes de restringir las interfaces que no pertenecen al SDK.

Si tu app no está orientada a Android 14, es posible que algunos de estos cambios no te afecten de inmediato. Sin embargo, aunque actualmente puedes usar algunas interfaces que no pertenecen al SDK (según el nivel de API objetivo al que esté orientada la app), utilizar cualquier método o campo que no pertenezca al SDK siempre implica un gran riesgo de error para la app.

En caso de no saber con certeza si tu app usa este tipo de interfaces, puedes probarla para verificarlo. Si tu app depende de interfaces que no pertenezcan al SDK, deberías planificar una migración hacia otras alternativas que sí lo hagan. Sin embargo, sabemos que algunas apps tienen casos prácticos válidos para usarlas. Si no encuentras una alternativa al uso de una interfaz que no pertenece al SDK para una función de tu app, deberías solicitar una nueva API pública.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.