Änderungen beim Verhalten: Apps, die auf Android 15 oder höher ausgerichtet sind

Wie in früheren Releases umfasst auch Android 15 Verhaltensänderungen, die sich auf deine App auswirken können. Die folgenden Änderungen gelten ausschließlich für Apps, die auf Android 15 oder höher ausgerichtet sind. Wenn deine App auf Android 15 oder höher ausgerichtet ist, solltest du sie gegebenenfalls so anpassen, dass diese Verhaltensweisen ordnungsgemäß unterstützt werden.

Sehen Sie sich auch die Liste der Änderungen des Verhaltens an, die unabhängig vom targetSdkVersion Ihrer App Auswirkungen auf alle Apps unter Android 15 haben.

Hauptfunktion

Mit Android 15 werden verschiedene Kernfunktionen des Android-Systems modifiziert oder erweitert.

Änderungen an Diensten im Vordergrund

We are making the following changes to foreground services with Android 15.

• New media processing foreground service type
• Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services

Data sync foreground service timeout behavior

Android 15 introduces a new timeout behavior to dataSync for apps targeting Android 15 or higher. This behavior also applies to the new mediaProcessing foreground service type.

The system permits an app's dataSync services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). When Service.onTimeout() is called, the service is no longer considered a foreground service. If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), a failure will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>". In Beta 2, the failure message is shown as an ANR, but in a future Beta release, this failure message will throw a custom exception.

To avoid problems with this behavior change, you can do one or more of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's dataSync services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start dataSync foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a dataSync foreground service, use an alternative API.

If your app's dataSync foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another dataSync foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another dataSync foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type dataSync".

New media processing foreground service type

Mit Android 15 wird der neue Diensttyp mediaProcessing im Vordergrund eingeführt. Dieser Diensttyp eignet sich für Vorgänge wie das Transcodieren von Mediendateien. Eine Medien-App lädt beispielsweise eine Audiodatei herunter und muss sie vor der Wiedergabe in ein anderes Format konvertieren. Mit einem mediaProcessing-Dienst im Vordergrund können Sie dafür sorgen, dass die Konvertierung auch dann fortgesetzt wird, wenn die App im Hintergrund ausgeführt wird.

Weitere Informationen zum Diensttyp mediaProcessing findest du unter Änderungen an den Diensttypen im Vordergrund für Android 15.

Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services

There are new restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services. BOOT_COMPLETED receivers are not allowed to launch the following types of foreground services:

• dataSync
• camera
• mediaPlayback
• phoneCall
• mediaProjection
• microphone (this restriction has been in place for microphone since Android 14)

If a BOOT_COMPLETED receiver tries to launch any of those types of foreground services, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Restrictions on starting foreground services while an app holds the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission

Previously, if an app held the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission, it could launch a foreground service even if the app was currently in the background (as discussed in exemptions from background start restrictions).

If an app targets Android 15, this exemption is now narrower. The app now needs to have the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and also have a visible overlay window. That is, the app needs to first launch a TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY window and the window needs to be visible before you start a foreground service.

If your app attempts to start a foreground service from the background without meeting these new requirements (and it does not have some other exemption), the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If your app declares the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and launches foreground services from the background, it may be affected by this change. If your app gets a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException, check your app's order of operations and make sure your app already has an active overlay window before it attempts to start a foreground service from the background. You can check if your overlay window is currently visible by calling View.getWindowVisibility(), or you can override View.onWindowVisibilityChanged() to get notified whenever the visibility changes.

Änderungen daran, wann Apps den globalen Status des „Bitte nicht stören“-Modus ändern können

Apps, die auf Android 15 ausgerichtet sind, können den globalen Status oder die Richtlinie für „Bitte nicht stören“ auf einem Gerät nicht mehr ändern (entweder durch Ändern der Nutzereinstellungen oder durch Deaktivieren des Modus „Nicht stören“). Stattdessen müssen Apps ein AutomaticZenRule-Element bereitstellen, das vom System zu einer globalen Richtlinie mit dem bestehenden „most-restrictive-policy-wins“-Schema kombiniert wird. Aufrufe an vorhandene APIs, die sich zuvor auf den globalen Status (setInterruptionFilter, setNotificationPolicy) ausgewirkt haben, führen zur Erstellung oder Aktualisierung einer impliziten AutomaticZenRule, die je nach Aufrufzyklus dieser API-Aufrufe ein- und ausgeschaltet wird.

Diese Änderung wirkt sich nur dann auf das beobachtbare Verhalten aus, wenn die App setInterruptionFilter(INTERRUPTION_FILTER_ALL) aufruft und erwartet, dass durch diesen Aufruf ein AutomaticZenRule deaktiviert wird, das zuvor von ihren Inhabern aktiviert wurde.

Änderungen in OpenJDK 17

Android 15 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases.

One of these changes can affect app compatibility for apps targeting Android 15:

• Changes to string formatting APIs: Validation of argument index, flags, width, and precision are now more strict when using the following String.format() and Formatter.format() APIs:

  • String.format(String, Object[])
  • String.format(Locale, String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(Locale, String, Object[])

  For example, the following exception is thrown when an argument index of 0 is used (%0 in the format string):

  IllegalFormatArgumentIndexException: Illegal format argument index = 0
  

  In this case, the issue can be fixed by using an argument index of 1 (%1 in the format string).

• Changes to language code handling: When using the Locale API, language codes for Hebrew, Yiddish, and Indonesian are no longer converted to their obsolete forms (Hebrew: iw, Yiddish: ji, and Indonesian: in). When specifying the language code for one of these locales, use the codes from ISO 639-1 instead (Hebrew: he, Yiddish: yi, and Indonesian: id).

• Changes to random int sequences: Following the changes made in https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8301574, the following Random.ints() methods now return a different sequence of numbers than the Random.nextInt() methods do:

  • Random.ints(long)
  • Random.ints(long, int, int)
  • Random.ints(int, int)
  • Random.ints()

  Generally, this change shouldn't result in app-breaking behavior, but your code shouldn't expect the sequence generated from Random.ints() methods to match Random.nextInt().

Sicherheit

Android 15 umfasst Änderungen, die die Systemsicherheit fördern, um Anwendungen und Nutzer vor schädlichen Apps zu schützen.

Einführung sicherer Hintergrundaktivitäten

Android 15 protects users from malicious apps and gives them more control over their devices by adding changes that prevent malicious background apps from bringing other apps to the foreground, elevating their privileges, and abusing user interaction. Background activity launches have been restricted since Android 10 (API level 29).

Block apps that don't match the top UID on the stack from launching activities

Malicious apps can launch another app's activity within the same task, then overlay themselves on top, creating the illusion of being that app. This "task hijacking" attack bypasses current background launch restrictions because it all occurs within the same visible task. To mitigate this risk, Android 15 adds a flag that blocks apps that don't match the top UID on the stack from launching activities. To opt in for all of your app's activities, update the allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow attribute in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file:

<application android:allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow="false" >

Other changes

In addition to the restriction for UID matching, these other changes are also included:

• Change PendingIntent creators to block background activity launches by default. This helps prevent apps from accidentally creating a PendingIntent that could be abused by malicious actors.
• Don't bring an app to the foreground unless the PendingIntent sender allows it. This change aims to prevent malicious apps from abusing the ability to start activities in the background. By default, apps are not allowed to bring the task stack to the foreground unless the creator allows background activity launch privileges or the sender has background activity launch privileges.
• Control how the top activity of a task stack can finish its task. If the top activity finishes a task, Android will go back to whichever task was last active. Moreover, if a non-top activity finishes its task, Android will go back to the home screen; it won't block the finish of this non-top activity.
• Prevent launching arbitrary activities from other apps into your own task. This change prevents malicious apps from phishing users by creating activities that appear to be from other apps.
• Block non-visible windows from being considered for background activity launches. This helps prevent malicious apps from abusing background activity launches to display unwanted or malicious content to users.

Sicherere Intents

Android 15 introduces new security measures to make intents safer and more robust. These changes are aimed at preventing potential vulnerabilities and misuse of intents that can be exploited by malicious apps. There are two main improvements to the security of intents in Android 15:

• Match target intent-filters: Intents that target specific components must accurately match the target's intent-filter specifications. If you send an intent to launch another app's activity, the target intent component needs to align with the receiving activity's declared intent-filters.
• Intents must have actions: Intents without an action will no longer match any intent-filters. This means that intents used to start activities or services must have a clearly defined action.

fun onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(VmPolicy.Builder()
        .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
        .build()
    )
}

public void onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new VmPolicy.Builder()
            .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
            .build());
}

Nutzererfahrung und System-UI

Android 15 umfasst einige Änderungen, die für eine einheitlichere und intuitivere Nutzererfahrung sorgen sollen.

Änderungen des Fenstereinsatzes

Es gibt zwei Änderungen in Bezug auf Fenstereinsätze in Android 15. In der Betaversion 1 wird Edge-to-Edge-Regeln erzwungen. Außerdem kommt es zu Änderungen an der Konfiguration, einschließlich der Standardkonfiguration von Systemleisten.

Edge-to-Edge-Erzwingung

Apps will be edge-to-edge by default on devices running Android 15 if the app is targeting Android 15.

This is a breaking change that might negatively impact your app's UI. The changes are as follows:

• Gesture handle navigation bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • Bottom offset is disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor is deprecated and does not affect gesture navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced continues to have no effect on gesture navigation.
• 3 button navigation
  • Opacity set to 80% by default, with color possibly matching the window background.
  • Bottom offset disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor is set to match the window background by default. The window background must be a color drawable for this default to apply. This API is deprecated but continues to affect three button navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced is true by default, which adds an 80% opaque background across three button navigation.
• Status bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • The top offset is disabled so content will draw behind the status bar unless insets are applied.
  • setStatusBarColor and R.attr#statusBarColor are deprecated and have no effect on Android 15.
  • setStatusBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#statusBarContrastEnforced are deprecated but still have an effect on Android 15.
• Display cutout
  • layoutInDisplayCutoutMode of non-floating windows must be LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. In Android 15 Beta 1, apps will crash with an IllegalArgumentException if using SHORT_EDGES, NEVER, or DEFAULT (e.g. LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_DEFAULT). In Android 15 Beta 2, SHORT_EDGES, NEVER and DEFAULT will be interpreted as ALWAYS so that users don't see a Black bar caused by the display cutout and appear edge-to-edge.

The following example shows an app before and after targeting Android 15, and before and after applying insets.

If your app:

• is already edge-to-edge and applies insets, you are mostly unimpacted, except in the following scenarios. However, even if you feel you aren't impacted, we recommend you test your app.
  • You have a non-floating window, such as an Activity that uses SHORT_EDGES, NEVER or DEFAULT instead of LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. If your app crashes on launch, this may be due to your splashscreen. You can either upgrade the core splashscreen dependency to 1.2.0-alpha01 or later, set window.attributes.layoutInDisplayCutoutMode = WindowManager.LayoutInDisplayCutoutMode.always, or test with Android 15 Beta 2 instead of Beta 1.
  • There may be lower traffic screens with occluded UI. Verify these less visited screens don't have occluded UI. Lower traffic screens include:
    • Onboarding or sign-in screens
    • Settings pages
• is not edge-to-edge, you are most likely impacted. In addition to the scenarios for apps that are already edge-to-edge, you will need to consider the following:
  • If your app uses Material 3 Components (androidx.compose.material3 in compose, such as TopAppBar, BottomAppBar, and NavigationBar, these components are likely not impacted because they automatically handle insets.
  • If your app is using Material 2 Components (androidx.compose.material in Compose, these components don't automatically handle insets. However, you can get access to the insets and apply them manually. In androidx.compose.material 1.6.0 and later use the windowInsets parameter to apply the insets manually for BottomAppBar, TopAppBar, BottomNavigation, and NavigationRail. Likewise, use the contentWindowInsets parameter for Scaffold.
  • If your app uses Views and Material Components (com.google.android.material, most Views based Material Components such as BottomNavigationView, BottomAppBar, NavigationRailView, or NavigationView, handle insets and require no additional work. However, you will need to add android:fitsSystemWindows="true" if using AppBarLayout.
  • For custom Composables, apply the insets manually as padding. If your content is within a Scaffold, you may consume insets using Scaffold's padding values. Otherwise, apply padding using one of the WindowInsets.
  • If your app is using Views and BottomSheet, SideSheet or custom containers, apply padding using ViewCompat.setOnApplyWindowInsetsListener. For RecyclerView, apply padding using this listener and also add clipToPadding="false".
• must offer custom background protection to three button navigation or the status bar, you app should place a composable or view behind the system bar using WindowInsets.Type#tappableElement() to get the three button navigation bar height or WindowInsets.Type#statusBars.

See the Edge to Edge Views and Edge to Edge Compose guides for additional considerations on applying insets.

The list of deprecated and disabled APIs are:

• R.attr#statusBarColor
• R.attr#navigationBarColor
• R.attr#navigationBarDividerColor
• Window#setDecorFitsSystemWindows
• Window#setStatusBarColor
• Window#setStatusBarContrastEnforced
• Window#setNavigationBarColor
• Window#setNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#getStatusBarColor
• Window#getStatusBarContrastEnforced
• Window#getNavigationBarColor
• Window#getNavigationBarDividerColor

Stabile Konfiguration

If your app targets Android 15 or higher, Configuration no longer excludes the system bars. If you use the screen size in the Configuration class for layout calculation, you should replace it with better alternatives like an appropriate ViewGroup, WindowInsets or WindowMetricsCalculator depending on your need.

Configuration has been available since API 1. It is typically obtained from Activity.onConfigurationChanged. It provides information like window density, orientation, and sizes. One important characteristic about the window sizes returned from Configuration is that it previously excluded the system bars.

The configuration size is typically used for resource selection, such as /res/layout-h500dp, and this is still a valid use case. However, using it for layout calculation has always been discouraged. If you do so, you should move away from it now. You should replace the use of Configuration with something more suitable depending on your use case.

If you use it to calculate the layout, use an appropriate ViewGroup such as CoordinatorLayout or ConstraintLayout. If you use it to determine the height of the system navbar, use WindowInsets. If you want to know the current size of your app window, use computeCurrentWindowMetrics.

The following list describes the fields affected by this change:

• Configuration.screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp sizes no longer exclude the system bars.
• Configuration.smallestScreenWidthDp is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp.
• Configuration.orientation is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp on close-to-square devices.
• Display.getSize(Point) is indirectly affected by the changes in Configuration. This has been deprecated beginning in API level 30.
• Display.getMetrics() has already worked like this since API level 33.

Der Standardwert für das eleganteTextHeight-Attribut ist „true“.

For apps targeting Android 15, the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute becomes true by default, replacing the compact font used by default with some scripts that have large vertical metrics with one that is much more readable. The compact font was introduced to prevent breaking layouts; Android 13 (API level 33) prevents many of these breakages by allowing the text layout to stretch the vertical height utilizing the fallbackLineSpacing attribute.

In Android 15, the compact font still remains in the system, so your app can set elegantTextHeight to false to get the same behavior as before, but it is unlikely to be supported in upcoming releases. So, if your app supports the following scripts: Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai, test your app by setting elegantTextHeight to true.

Änderungen der TextView-Breite für komplexe Buchstabenformen

In previous versions of Android, some cursive fonts or languages that have complex shaping might draw the letters in the previous or next character's area. In some cases, such letters were clipped at the beginning or ending position. Starting in Android 15, a TextView allocates width for drawing enough space for such letters and allows apps to request extra paddings to the left to prevent clipping.

Because this change affects how a TextView decides the width, TextView allocates more width by default if the app targets Android 15 or higher. You can enable or disable this behavior by calling the setUseBoundsForWidth API on TextView.

Because adding left padding might cause a misalignment for existing layouts, the padding is not added by default even for apps that target Android 15 or higher. However, you can add extra padding to preventing clipping by calling setShiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang.

The following examples show how these changes can improve text layout for some fonts and languages.

Standard layout for English text in a cursive font. Some of the letters are clipped. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java" />

Layout for the same English text with additional width and padding. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhan="true" />

Standard layout for Thai text. Some of the letters are clipped. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์" />

Layout for the same Thai text with additional width and padding. Here is the corresponding XML:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhan="true" />

Sprachbasierte Standardzeilenhöhe für EditText

In previous versions of Android, the text layout stretched the height of the text to meet the line height of the font that matched the current locale. For example, if the content was in Japanese, because the line height of the Japanese font is slightly larger than the one of a Latin font, the height of the text became slightly larger. However, despite these differences in line heights, the EditText element was sized uniformly, regardless of the locale being used, as illustrated in the following image:

For apps targeting Android 15, a minimum line height is now reserved for EditText to match the reference font for the specified Locale, as shown in the following image:

If needed, your app can restore the previous behavior by specifying the useLocalePreferredLineHeightForMinimum attribute to false, and your app can set custom minimum vertical metrics using the setMinimumFontMetrics API in Kotlin and Java.

Kamera und Medien

Unter Android 15 werden die folgenden Änderungen am Kamera- und Medienverhalten für Apps vorgenommen, die auf Android 15 oder höher ausgerichtet sind.

Einschränkungen beim Anfordern des Audiofokus

Apps, die auf Android 15 ausgerichtet sind, müssen die Top-Apps sein oder einen audiobezogenen Dienst im Vordergrund ausführen, um den Audiofokus anzufordern. Wenn eine App versucht, den Fokus anzufordern, obwohl sie eine dieser Anforderungen nicht erfüllt, gibt der Aufruf AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED zurück.

Ein Dienst im Vordergrund gilt als audiobezogen, wenn sein Typ mediaPlayback, camera, microphone oder phoneCall ist.

Weitere Informationen zum Audiofokus finden Sie unter Audiofokus verwalten.

Nicht-SDK-Einschränkungen aktualisiert

Android 15 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 15, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while it's possible for your app to access some non-SDK interfaces depending on your app's target API level, using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you can't find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

Weitere Informationen zu den Änderungen in diesem Android-Release finden Sie unter Aktualisierungen der Einschränkungen für Nicht-SDK-Schnittstellen in Android 15. Weitere Informationen zu Nicht-SDK-Schnittstellen im Allgemeinen finden Sie unter Einschränkungen für Nicht-SDK-Schnittstellen.