Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 15 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 15, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi Anda.

Fungsi inti

Android 15 mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Perubahan pada layanan latar depan

We are making the following changes to foreground services with Android 15.

• Data sync foreground service timeout behavior
• New media processing foreground service type
• Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services
• Restrictions on starting foreground services while an app holds the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission

Data sync foreground service timeout behavior

Android 15 introduces a new timeout behavior to dataSync for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) or higher. This behavior also applies to the new mediaProcessing foreground service type.

The system permits an app's dataSync services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). When Service.onTimeout() is called, the service is no longer considered a foreground service. If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), the system throws an internal exception. The exception is logged in Logcat with the following message:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type dataSync did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

To avoid problems with this behavior change, you can do one or more of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's dataSync services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start dataSync foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a dataSync foreground service, use an alternative API.

If your app's dataSync foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another dataSync foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another dataSync foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type dataSync".

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable data sync timeouts even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable timeouts, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

You can also adjust the timeout period, to make it easier to test how your app behaves when the limit is reached. To set a new timeout period, run the following adb command:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager data_sync_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

New media processing foreground service type

Android 15 introduces a new foreground service type, mediaProcessing. This service type is appropriate for operations like transcoding media files. For example, a media app might download an audio file and need to convert it to a different format before playing it. You can use a mediaProcessing foreground service to make sure the conversion continues even while the app is in the background.

The system permits an app's mediaProcessing services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), the system throws an internal exception. The exception is logged in Logcat with the following message:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type mediaProcessing did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

To avoid having the exception, you can do one of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's mediaProcessing services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start mediaProcessing foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a mediaProcessing foreground service, use an alternative API, like WorkManager.

If your app's mediaProcessing foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another mediaProcessing foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another mediaProcessing foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type mediaProcessing".

For more information about the mediaProcessing service type, see Changes to foreground service types for Android 15: Media processing.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable media processing timeouts even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable timeouts, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

You can also adjust the timeout period, to make it easier to test how your app behaves when the limit is reached. To set a new timeout period, run the following adb command:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager media_processing_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services

There are new restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services. BOOT_COMPLETED receivers are not allowed to launch the following types of foreground services:

• dataSync
• camera
• mediaPlayback
• phoneCall
• mediaProjection
• microphone (this restriction has been in place for microphone since Android 14)

If a BOOT_COMPLETED receiver tries to launch any of those types of foreground services, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable these new restrictions even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). Run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_BOOT_COMPLETED_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

To send a BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast without restarting the device, run the following adb command:

adb shell am broadcast -a android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED your-package-name

Restrictions on starting foreground services while an app holds the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission

Previously, if an app held the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission, it could launch a foreground service even if the app was currently in the background (as discussed in exemptions from background start restrictions).

If an app targets Android 15, this exemption is now narrower. The app now needs to have the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and also have a visible overlay window. That is, the app needs to first launch a TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY window and the window needs to be visible before you start a foreground service.

If your app attempts to start a foreground service from the background without meeting these new requirements (and it does not have some other exemption), the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If your app declares the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission and launches foreground services from the background, it may be affected by this change. If your app gets a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException, check your app's order of operations and make sure your app already has an active overlay window before it attempts to start a foreground service from the background. You can check if your overlay window is currently visible by calling View.getWindowVisibility(), or you can override View.onWindowVisibilityChanged() to get notified whenever the visibility changes.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable these new restrictions even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable these new restrictions on starting foreground services from the background, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_SAW_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

Perubahan pada waktu aplikasi dapat mengubah status global mode Jangan Ganggu

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) and higher can no longer change the global state or policy of Do Not Disturb (DND) on a device (either by modifying user settings, or turning off DND mode). Instead, apps must contribute an AutomaticZenRule, which the system combines into a global policy with the existing most-restrictive-policy-wins scheme. Calls to existing APIs that previously affected global state (setInterruptionFilter, setNotificationPolicy) result in the creation or update of an implicit AutomaticZenRule, which is toggled on and off depending on the call-cycle of those API calls.

Note that this change only affects observable behavior if the app is calling setInterruptionFilter(INTERRUPTION_FILTER_ALL) and expects that call to deactivate an AutomaticZenRule that was previously activated by their owners.

Perubahan OpenJDK API

Android 15 melanjutkan pekerjaan memuat ulang library inti Android agar selaras dengan fitur dalam rilis OpenJDK LTS terbaru.

Beberapa perubahan ini dapat memengaruhi kompatibilitas aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35):

• Perubahan pada API pemformatan string: Validasi indeks argumen, flag, lebar, dan presisi kini lebih ketat saat menggunakan API String.format() dan Formatter.format() berikut:

  • String.format(String, Object[])
  • String.format(Locale, String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(Locale, String, Object[])

  Misalnya, pengecualian berikut terjadi saat indeks argumen 0 digunakan (%0 dalam string format):

  IllegalFormatArgumentIndexException: Illegal format argument index = 0
  

  Dalam hal ini, masalah dapat diperbaiki dengan menggunakan indeks argumen 1 (%1 dalam string format).

• Perubahan pada jenis komponen Arrays.asList(...).toArray(): Saat menggunakan Arrays.asList(...).toArray(), jenis komponen array yang dihasilkan kini adalah Object—bukan jenis elemen array yang mendasarinya. Jadi, kode berikut akan memunculkan ClassCastException:

  String[] elements = (String[]) Arrays.asList("one", "two").toArray();
  

  Untuk kasus ini, guna mempertahankan String sebagai jenis komponen dalam array yang dihasilkan, Anda dapat menggunakan Collection.toArray(Object[]):

  String[] elements = Arrays.asList("two", "one").toArray(new String[0]);
  

• Perubahan pada penanganan kode bahasa: Saat menggunakan Locale API, kode bahasa untuk Ibrani, Yiddish, dan Indonesia tidak lagi dikonversi ke bentuknya yang sudah tidak digunakan (Ibrani: iw, Yiddish: ji, dan Indonesia: in). Saat menentukan kode bahasa untuk salah satu lokalitas ini, gunakan kode dari ISO 639-1 (Ibrani: he, Yiddish: yi, dan Indonesia: id).

• Perubahan pada urutan bilangan bulat acak: Setelah perubahan yang dilakukan di https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8301574, metode Random.ints() berikut kini menampilkan urutan angka yang berbeda dengan metode Random.nextInt():

  • Random.ints(long)
  • Random.ints(long, int, int)
  • Random.ints(int, int)
  • Random.ints()

  Umumnya, perubahan ini tidak akan menyebabkan perilaku yang merusak aplikasi, tetapi kode Anda tidak boleh mengharapkan urutan yang dihasilkan dari metode Random.ints() agar cocok dengan Random.nextInt().

API SequencedCollection baru dapat memengaruhi kompatibilitas aplikasi Anda setelah Anda mengupdate compileSdk dalam konfigurasi build aplikasi untuk menggunakan Android 15 (level API 35):

• Konflik dengan fungsi ekstensi MutableList.removeFirst() dan MutableList.removeLast() di kotlin-stdlib

  Jenis List di Java dipetakan ke jenis MutableList di Kotlin. Karena API List.removeFirst() dan List.removeLast() telah diperkenalkan di Android 15 (level API 35), compiler Kotlin menyelesaikan panggilan fungsi, misalnya list.removeFirst(), secara statis ke API List baru, bukan ke fungsi ekstensi di kotlin-stdlib.

  Jika aplikasi dikompilasi ulang dengan compileSdk disetel ke 35 dan minSdk disetel ke 34 atau lebih rendah, lalu aplikasi dijalankan di Android 14 dan yang lebih rendah, error runtime akan terjadi:

  java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: No virtual method
  removeFirst()Ljava/lang/Object; in class Ljava/util/ArrayList;
  

  Opsi lint NewApi yang ada di Plugin Android Gradle dapat menangkap penggunaan API baru ini.

  ./gradlew lint
  
  MainActivity.kt:41: Error: Call requires API level 35 (current min is 34): java.util.List#removeFirst [NewApi]
        list.removeFirst()
  

  Untuk memperbaiki pengecualian runtime dan error lint, panggilan fungsi removeFirst() dan removeLast() dapat diganti dengan removeAt(0) dan removeAt(list.lastIndex) masing-masing di Kotlin. Jika Anda menggunakan Android Studio Ladybug | 2024.1.3 atau yang lebih tinggi, opsi ini juga menyediakan opsi perbaikan cepat untuk error ini.

  Pertimbangkan untuk menghapus @SuppressLint("NewApi") dan lintOptions { disable 'NewApi' } jika opsi lint telah dinonaktifkan.

• Konflik dengan metode lain di Java

  Metode baru telah ditambahkan ke jenis yang ada, misalnya, List dan Deque. Metode baru ini mungkin tidak kompatibel dengan metode yang memiliki nama dan jenis argumen yang sama di antarmuka dan class lainnya. Jika terjadi tabrakan tanda tangan metode dengan ketidakcocokan, compiler javac akan menghasilkan error waktu build. Contoh:

  Contoh error 1:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:135: error: removeLast() in MyList cannot implement removeLast() in List
    public void removeLast() {
                ^
    return type void is not compatible with Object
    where E is a type-variable:
      E extends Object declared in interface List
  

  Contoh error 2:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:7: error: types Deque<Object> and List<Object> are incompatible;
  public class MyList implements  List<Object>, Deque<Object> {
    both define reversed(), but with unrelated return types
  1 error
  

  Contoh error 3:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:43: error: types List<E#1> and MyInterface<E#2> are incompatible;
  public static class MyList implements List<Object>, MyInterface<Object> {
    class MyList inherits unrelated defaults for getFirst() from types List and MyInterface
    where E#1,E#2 are type-variables:
      E#1 extends Object declared in interface List
      E#2 extends Object declared in interface MyInterface
  1 error
  

  Untuk memperbaiki error build ini, class yang mengimplementasikan antarmuka ini harus mengganti metode dengan jenis nilai yang ditampilkan yang kompatibel. Contoh:

  @Override
  public Object getFirst() {
      return List.super.getFirst();
  }
  

Keamanan

Android 15 menyertakan perubahan yang meningkatkan keamanan sistem untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi dan pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya.

Versi TLS yang dibatasi

Android 15 restricts the usage of TLS versions 1.0 and 1.1. These versions had previously been deprecated in Android, but are now disallowed for apps targeting Android 15.

Peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang yang aman

Android 15 protects users from malicious apps and gives them more control over their devices by adding changes that prevent malicious background apps from bringing other apps to the foreground, elevating their privileges, and abusing user interaction. Background activity launches have been restricted since Android 10 (API level 29).

Other changes

• Change PendingIntent creators to block background activity launches by default. This helps prevent apps from accidentally creating a PendingIntent that could be abused by malicious actors.
• Don't bring an app to the foreground unless the PendingIntent sender allows it. This change aims to prevent malicious apps from abusing the ability to start activities in the background. By default, apps are not allowed to bring the task stack to the foreground unless the creator allows background activity launch privileges or the sender has background activity launch privileges.
• Control how the top activity of a task stack can finish its task. If the top activity finishes a task, Android will go back to whichever task was last active. Moreover, if a non-top activity finishes its task, Android will go back to the home screen; it won't block the finish of this non-top activity.
• Prevent launching arbitrary activities from other apps into your own task. This change prevents malicious apps from phishing users by creating activities that appear to be from other apps.
• Block non-visible windows from being considered for background activity launches. This helps prevent malicious apps from abusing background activity launches to display unwanted or malicious content to users.

Intent yang lebih aman

Android 15 introduces StrictMode for intents.

In order to see detailed logs about Intent usage violations, use following method:

fun onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(VmPolicy.Builder()
        .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
        .build()
    )
}

public void onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new VmPolicy.Builder()
            .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
            .build());
}

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 15 menyertakan beberapa perubahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Perubahan inset jendela

There are two changes related to window insets in Android 15: edge-to-edge is enforced by default, and there are also configuration changes, such as the default configuration of system bars.

Edge-to-edge enforcement

Apps are edge-to-edge by default on devices running Android 15 if the app is targeting Android 15 (API level 35).

This is a breaking change that might negatively impact your app's UI. The changes affect the following UI areas:

• Gesture handle navigation bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • Bottom offset is disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are deprecated and don't affect gesture navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced continue to have no effect on gesture navigation.
• 3-button navigation
  • Opacity set to 80% by default, with color possibly matching the window background.
  • Bottom offset disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are set to match the window background by default. The window background must be a color drawable for this default to apply. This API is deprecated but continues to affect 3-button navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced is true by default, which adds an 80% opaque background across 3-button navigation.
• Status bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • The top offset is disabled so content draws behind the status bar unless insets are applied.
  • setStatusBarColor and R.attr#statusBarColor are deprecated and have no effect on Android 15.
  • setStatusBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#statusBarContrastEnforced are deprecated but still have an effect on Android 15.
• Display cutout
  • layoutInDisplayCutoutMode of non-floating windows must be LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. SHORT_EDGES, NEVER, and DEFAULT are interpreted as ALWAYS so that users don't see a black bar caused by the display cutout and appear edge-to-edge.

The following example shows an app before and after targeting Android 15 (API level 35), and before and after applying insets. This example is not comprehensive, this might appear differently on Android Auto.

What to check if your app is already edge-to-edge

If your app is already edge-to-edge and applies insets, you are mostly unimpacted, except in the following scenarios. However, even if you think you aren't impacted, we recommend you test your app.

• You have a non-floating window, such as an Activity that uses SHORT_EDGES, NEVER or DEFAULT instead of LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. If your app crashes on launch, this might be due to your splashscreen. You can either upgrade the core splashscreen dependency to 1.2.0-alpha01 or later or set window.attributes.layoutInDisplayCutoutMode = WindowManager.LayoutInDisplayCutoutMode.always.
• There might be lower-traffic screens with occluded UI. Verify these less-visited screens don't have occluded UI. Lower-traffic screens include:
  • Onboarding or sign-in screens
  • Settings pages

What to check if your app is not already edge-to-edge

If your app is not already edge-to-edge, you are most likely impacted. In addition to the scenarios for apps that are already edge-to-edge, you should consider the following:

• If your app uses Material 3 Components ( androidx.compose.material3) in compose, such as TopAppBar, BottomAppBar, and NavigationBar, these components are likely not impacted because they automatically handle insets.
• If your app is using Material 2 Components ( androidx.compose.material) in Compose, these components don't automatically handle insets. However, you can get access to the insets and apply them manually. In androidx.compose.material 1.6.0 and later, use the windowInsets parameter to apply the insets manually for BottomAppBar, TopAppBar, BottomNavigation, and NavigationRail. Likewise, use the contentWindowInsets parameter for Scaffold.
• If your app uses views and Material Components (com.google.android.material), most views-based Material Components such as BottomNavigationView, BottomAppBar, NavigationRailView, or NavigationView, handle insets and require no additional work. However, you need to add android:fitsSystemWindows="true" if using AppBarLayout.
• For custom composables, apply the insets manually as padding. If your content is within a Scaffold, you can consume insets using the Scaffold padding values. Otherwise, apply padding using one of the WindowInsets.
• If your app is using views and BottomSheet, SideSheet or custom containers, apply padding using ViewCompat.setOnApplyWindowInsetsListener. For RecyclerView, apply padding using this listener and also add clipToPadding="false".

What to check if your app must offer custom background protection

If your app must offer custom background protection to 3-button navigation or the status bar, your app should place a composable or view behind the system bar using WindowInsets.Type#tappableElement() to get the 3-button navigation bar height or WindowInsets.Type#statusBars.

Additional edge-to-edge resources

See the Edge to Edge Views and Edge to Edge Compose guides for additional considerations on applying insets.

Deprecated APIs

The following APIs are deprecated but not disabled:

• R.attr#enforceStatusBarContrast
• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#isStatusBarContrastEnforced
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#setStatusBarContrastEnforced

The following APIs are deprecated and disabled:

• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• R.attr#navigationBarDividerColor
• R.attr#statusBarColor
• Window#setDecorFitsSystemWindows
• Window#getNavigationBarColor
• Window#getNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#getStatusBarColor
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• Window#setNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#setStatusBarColor

Stable configuration

If your app targets Android 15 (API level 35) or higher, Configuration no longer excludes the system bars. If you use the screen size in the Configuration class for layout calculation, you should replace it with better alternatives like an appropriate ViewGroup, WindowInsets, or WindowMetricsCalculator depending on your need.

Configuration has been available since API 1. It is typically obtained from Activity.onConfigurationChanged. It provides information like window density, orientation, and sizes. One important characteristic about the window sizes returned from Configuration is that it previously excluded the system bars.

The configuration size is typically used for resource selection, such as /res/layout-h500dp, and this is still a valid use case. However, using it for layout calculation has always been discouraged. If you do so, you should move away from it now. You should replace the use of Configuration with something more suitable depending on your use case.

If you use it to calculate the layout, use an appropriate ViewGroup, such as CoordinatorLayout or ConstraintLayout. If you use it to determine the height of the system navbar, use WindowInsets. If you want to know the current size of your app window, use computeCurrentWindowMetrics.

The following list describes the fields affected by this change:

• Configuration.screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp sizes no longer exclude the system bars.
• Configuration.smallestScreenWidthDp is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp.
• Configuration.orientation is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp on close-to-square devices.
• Display.getSize(Point) is indirectly affected by the changes in Configuration. This was deprecated beginning in API level 30.
• Display.getMetrics() has already worked like this since API level 33.

Atribut elegantTextHeight secara default adalah true

Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (API level 35), atribut TextView elegantTextHeight menjadi true secara default, menggantikan font ringkas yang digunakan secara default dengan beberapa skrip yang memiliki metrik vertikal besar dengan skrip yang jauh lebih mudah dibaca. Font rapat diperkenalkan untuk mencegah kerusakan tata letak; Android 13 (API level 33) mencegah banyak kerusakan ini dengan memungkinkan tata letak teks meregangkan tinggi vertikal menggunakan atribut fallbackLineSpacing.

Di Android 15, font ringkas masih ada di sistem, sehingga aplikasi Anda dapat menetapkan elegantTextHeight ke false untuk mendapatkan perilaku yang sama seperti sebelumnya, tetapi kemungkinan tidak akan didukung dalam rilis mendatang. Jadi, jika aplikasi Anda mendukung skrip berikut: Arab, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu, atau Thai, uji aplikasi Anda dengan menetapkan elegantTextHeight ke true.

Perilaku

Perilaku

Perubahan lebar TextView untuk bentuk huruf yang kompleks

Pada versi Android sebelumnya, beberapa font atau bahasa kursif yang memiliki bentuk kompleks dapat menggambar huruf di area karakter sebelumnya atau berikutnya. Dalam beberapa kasus, huruf tersebut dipangkas di posisi awal atau akhir. Mulai Android 15, TextView mengalokasikan lebar untuk menggambar ruang yang cukup untuk huruf tersebut dan memungkinkan aplikasi meminta padding tambahan ke kiri untuk mencegah pemangkasan.

Karena perubahan ini memengaruhi cara TextView menentukan lebar, TextView mengalokasikan lebih banyak lebar secara default jika aplikasi menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35) atau yang lebih baru. Anda dapat mengaktifkan atau menonaktifkan perilaku ini dengan memanggil setUseBoundsForWidth API di TextView.

Karena menambahkan padding kiri dapat menyebabkan ketidaksejajaran untuk tata letak yang ada, padding tidak ditambahkan secara default bahkan untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi. Namun, Anda dapat menambahkan padding tambahan untuk mencegah pemangkasan dengan memanggil setShiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang.

Contoh berikut menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan ini dapat meningkatkan tata letak teks untuk beberapa font dan bahasa.

Tata letak standar untuk teks bahasa Inggris dalam font kursif. Beberapa huruf terpotong. Berikut adalah XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java" />

Tata letak untuk teks bahasa Inggris yang sama dengan lebar dan padding tambahan. Berikut adalah XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Tata letak standar untuk teks Thailand. Beberapa huruf diklip. Berikut XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์" />

Tata letak untuk teks Thai yang sama dengan lebar dan padding tambahan. Berikut XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Tinggi baris default yang mendukung lokalitas untuk EditText

In previous versions of Android, the text layout stretched the height of the text to meet the line height of the font that matched the current locale. For example, if the content was in Japanese, because the line height of the Japanese font is slightly larger than the one of a Latin font, the height of the text became slightly larger. However, despite these differences in line heights, the EditText element was sized uniformly, regardless of the locale being used, as illustrated in the following image:

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), a minimum line height is now reserved for EditText to match the reference font for the specified Locale, as shown in the following image:

If needed, your app can restore the previous behavior by specifying the useLocalePreferredLineHeightForMinimum attribute to false, and your app can set custom minimum vertical metrics using the setMinimumFontMetrics API in Kotlin and Java.

Kamera dan media

Android 15 membuat perubahan berikut pada perilaku kamera dan media untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi.

Batasan pada permintaan fokus audio

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) must be the top app or running a foreground service in order to request audio focus. If an app attempts to request focus when it does not meet one of these requirements, the call returns AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

You can learn more about audio focus at Manage audio focus.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 15 menyertakan daftar terbaru antarmuka non-SDK yang dibatasi berdasarkan kolaborasi dengan developer Android dan pengujian internal terbaru. Jika memungkinkan, kami akan memastikan ketersediaan alternatif publik sebelum membatasi antarmuka non-SDK.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menargetkan Android 15, beberapa perubahan ini mungkin tidak langsung memengaruhi Anda. Namun, meskipun aplikasi Anda dapat mengakses beberapa antarmuka non-SDK bergantung pada level API target aplikasi Anda, penggunaan metode atau kolom non-SDK apa pun tetap berisiko tinggi merusak aplikasi Anda.

Jika tidak yakin apakah aplikasi Anda menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK atau tidak, Anda dapat menguji aplikasi untuk mencari tahu. Jika aplikasi Anda mengandalkan antarmuka non-SDK, sebaiknya Anda mulai merencanakan migrasi ke alternatif SDK. Namun demikian, kami memahami bahwa beberapa aplikasi memiliki kasus penggunaan yang valid untuk menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK. Jika tidak dapat menemukan alternatif penggunaan antarmuka non-SDK untuk suatu fitur dalam aplikasi, Anda harus meminta API publik baru.

Untuk mempelajari perubahan dalam rilis Android ini lebih lanjut, baca Pembaruan pembatasan antarmuka non-SDK di Android 15. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut antarmuka non-SDK secara umum, baca Pembatasan antarmuka non-SDK.