測試 Paging 實作 (Views)

概念和 Jetpack Compose 實作

在應用程式中實作分頁程式庫時，應搭配完善的測試策略。建議您測試 PagingSource 和 RemoteMediator 等資料載入元件，確保元件運作正常。此外，您也應撰寫端對端測試，確認 Paging 實作項目中的所有元件都能正常運作，而不會產生意外的副作用。

本指南說明如何在應用程式的資料層測試 Paging 程式庫，以及如何為整個 Paging 實作項目撰寫端對端測試。

資料層測試

請針對資料層的元件撰寫單元測試，確保這些元件能妥善從資料來源載入資料。請提供假版本的依附元件，驗證受測元件能正常獨立運作。您需要在存放區層測試的元件之一是 RemoteMediator。

`RemoteMediator` 測試

RemoteMediator 單元測試的目標是驗證 load() 函式會傳回正確的 MediatorResult。針對副作用 (例如插入資料庫的資料) 的測試較適用於整合測試。

首先，您必須決定 RemoteMediator 實作所需要的依附元件。以下範例說明需要 Room 資料庫、Retrofit 介面和搜尋字串的 RemoteMediator 實作：

Java (RxJava)

public class PageKeyedRemoteMediator
  extends RxRemoteMediator<Integer, RedditPost> {

  @NonNull
  private RedditDb db;
  @NonNull
  private RedditPostDao postDao;
  @NonNull
  private SubredditRemoteKeyDao remoteKeyDao;
  @NonNull
  private RedditApi redditApi;
  @NonNull
  private String subredditName;

  public PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    @NonNull RedditDb db,
    @NonNull RedditApi redditApi,
    @NonNull String subredditName
    ) {
      this.db = db;
      this.postDao = db.posts();
      this.remoteKeyDao = db.remoteKeys();
      this.redditApi = redditApi;
      this.subredditName = subredditName;
      ...
    }
  }

Java (Guava/LiveData)

public class PageKeyedRemoteMediator
  extends ListenableFutureRemoteMediator<Integer, RedditPost> {

  @NonNull
  private RedditDb db;
  @NonNull
  private RedditPostDao postDao;
  @NonNull
  private SubredditRemoteKeyDao remoteKeyDao;
  @NonNull
  private RedditApi redditApi;
  @NonNull
  private String subredditName;
  @NonNull
  private Executor bgExecutor;

  public PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    @NonNull RedditDb db,
    @NonNull RedditApi redditApi,
    @NonNull String subredditName,
    @NonNull Executor bgExecutor
  ) {
    this.db = db;
    this.postDao = db.posts();
    this.remoteKeyDao = db.remoteKeys();
    this.redditApi = redditApi;
    this.subredditName = subredditName;
    this.bgExecutor = bgExecutor;
    ...
  }
}

您可以按照「測試分頁實作」的「PagingSource 測試」一節說明，提供 Retrofit 介面和搜尋字串。提供 Room 資料庫的模擬版本十分複雜，因此較簡單的做法是提供資料庫的記憶體內實作，而不是完整的模擬版本。由於建立 Room 資料庫需要 Context 物件，因此您必須將此 RemoteMediator 測試放在 androidTest 目錄中，並使用 AndroidJUnit4 測試執行工具，以便存取測試應用程式的內容。如要進一步瞭解檢測設備測試，請參閱「建構檢測設備單元測試」。

定義拆除函式，確保狀態在測試函式之間不會外洩。這樣可確保測試執行結果維持一致。

Java (RxJava)

@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class PageKeyedRemoteMediatorTest {
  static PostFactory postFactory = new PostFactory();
  static List<RedditPost> mockPosts = new ArrayList<>();
  static MockRedditApi mockApi = new MockRedditApi();
  private RedditDb mockDb = RedditDb.Companion.create(
    ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(),
    true
  );

  static {
    for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {
      RedditPost post = postFactory.createRedditPost(DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT);
      mockPosts.add(post);
    }
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() {
    mockDb.clearAllTables();
    // Clear the failure message after each test run.
    mockApi.setFailureMsg(null);
    // Clear out posts after each test run.
    mockApi.clearPosts();
  }
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
public class PageKeyedRemoteMediatorTest {
  static PostFactory postFactory = new PostFactory();
  static List<RedditPost> mockPosts = new ArrayList<>();
  static MockRedditApi mockApi = new MockRedditApi();

  private RedditDb mockDb = RedditDb.Companion.create(
    ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext(),
    true
  );

  static {
    for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {
      RedditPost post = postFactory.createRedditPost(DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT);
      mockPosts.add(post);
    }
  }

  @After
  public void tearDown() {
    mockDb.clearAllTables();
    // Clear the failure message after each test run.
    mockApi.setFailureMsg(null);
    // Clear out posts after each test run.
    mockApi.clearPosts();
  }
}

下一步是測試 load() 函式。在這個範例中，有三個案例可以進行測試：

第一個案例是 mockApi 傳回有效的資料。load() 函式應傳回 MediatorResult.Success，而 endOfPaginationReached 屬性應為 false。
第二個案例是 mockApi 傳回成功的回應，但傳回的資料是空的。load 函式應傳回 MediatorResult.Success，而 endOfPaginationReached 屬性應為 true。
第三個案例是 mockApi 在擷取資料時擲回例外狀況。load() 函式應會傳回 MediatorResult.Error。

請按照下列步驟測試第一個案例：

使用要傳回的訊息資料設定 mockApi。
將 RemoteMediator 物件初始化。
測試 load 函式。

Java (RxJava)

@Test
public void refreshLoadReturnsSuccessResultWhenMoreDataIsPresent()
  throws InterruptedException {

  // Add mock results for the API to return.
  for (RedditPost post: mockPosts) {
    mockApi.addPost(post);
  }

  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );
  remoteMediator.loadSingle(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState)
    .test()
    .await()
    .assertValueCount(1)
    .assertValue(value -> value instanceof RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success &&
      ((RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success) value).endOfPaginationReached() == false);
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

@Test
public void refreshLoadReturnsSuccessResultWhenMoreDataIsPresent()
  throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {

  // Add mock results for the API to return.
  for (RedditPost post: mockPosts) {
    mockApi.addPost(post);
  }

  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT,
    new CurrentThreadExecutor()
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );

  RemoteMediator.MediatorResult result =
    remoteMediator.loadFuture(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState).get();

  assertThat(result, instanceOf(RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success.class));
  assertFalse(((RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success) result).endOfPaginationReached());
}

如要進行第二個測試，mockApi 必須傳回空白結果。由於每次執行測試後都會清除 mockApi 中的資料，因此根據預設將會傳回空白結果。

Java (RxJava)

@Test
public void refreshLoadSuccessAndEndOfPaginationWhenNoMoreData()
  throws InterruptedException() {

  // To test endOfPaginationReached, don't set up the mockApi to return post
  // data here.
  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );
  remoteMediator.loadSingle(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState)
    .test()
    .await()
    .assertValueCount(1)
    .assertValue(value -> value instanceof RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success &&
      ((RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success) value).endOfPaginationReached() == true);
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

@Test
public void refreshLoadSuccessAndEndOfPaginationWhenNoMoreData()
  throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {

  // To test endOfPaginationReached, don't set up the mockApi to return post
  // data here.
  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT,
    new CurrentThreadExecutor()
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );

  RemoteMediator.MediatorResult result =
    remoteMediator.loadFuture(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState).get();

  assertThat(result, instanceOf(RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success.class));
  assertTrue(((RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Success) result).endOfPaginationReached());
}

如要進行最後一個測試，mockApi 必須擲回例外狀況，以便驗證 load() 函式是否正確傳回 MediatorResult.Error。

Java (RxJava)

@Test
public void refreshLoadReturnsErrorResultWhenErrorOccurs()
  throws InterruptedException {

  // Set up failure message to throw exception from the mock API.
  mockApi.setFailureMsg("Throw test failure");
  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );
  remoteMediator.loadSingle(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState)
    .test()
    .await()
    .assertValueCount(1)
    .assertValue(value -> value instanceof RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Error);
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

@Test
public void refreshLoadReturnsErrorResultWhenErrorOccurs()
  throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {

  // Set up failure message to throw exception from the mock API.
  mockApi.setFailureMsg("Throw test failure");
  PageKeyedRemoteMediator remoteMediator = new PageKeyedRemoteMediator(
    mockDb,
    mockApi,
    SubRedditViewModel.DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT,
    new CurrentThreadExecutor()
  );
  PagingState<Integer, RedditPost> pagingState = new PagingState<>(
    new ArrayList(),
    null,
    new PagingConfig(10),
    10
  );
  RemoteMediator.MediatorResult result =
    remoteMediator.loadFuture(LoadType.REFRESH, pagingState).get();

  assertThat(result, instanceOf(RemoteMediator.MediatorResult.Error.class));
}

端對端測試

單元測試可保證個別分頁元件能夠獨立運作，但端對端測試更能確保應用程式整體都能正常運作。這些測試仍需要一些模擬依附元件，但通常已涵蓋大部分的應用程式程式碼。

本節中的範例使用模擬 API 依附元件，避免在測試中使用網路。模擬 API 已設為傳回一組一致的測試資料，進而產生可重複的測試。根據依附元件的作用、輸出內容的一致性，以及測試所需的擬真度，決定要針對模擬實作替換的依附元件。

編寫程式碼時，請採取可讓您輕鬆替換依附元件模擬版本的方式。以下範例使用基本的服務定位器實作，並視需要提供及變更依附元件。在大型應用程式中，使用依附元件插入程式庫 (例如 Hilt) 有助管理更複雜的依附元件圖表。

Kotlin

class RedditActivityTest {

  companion object {
    private const val TEST_SUBREDDIT = "test"
  }

  private val postFactory = PostFactory()
  private val mockApi = MockRedditApi().apply {
    addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT))
    addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT))
    addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT))
  }

  @Before
  fun init() {
    val app = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext<Application>()
    // Use a controlled service locator with a mock API.
    ServiceLocator.swap(
      object : DefaultServiceLocator(app = app, useInMemoryDb = true) {
        override fun getRedditApi(): RedditApi = mockApi
      }
    )
  }
}

Java (RxJava)

public class RedditActivityTest {

  public static final String TEST_SUBREDDIT = "test";

  private static PostFactory postFactory = new PostFactory();
  private static MockRedditApi mockApi = new MockRedditApi();

  static {
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT));
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT));
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT));
  }

  @Before
  public void setup() {
    Application app = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
    // Use a controlled service locator with a mock API.
    ServiceLocator.Companion.swap(
      new DefaultServiceLocator(app, true) {
        @NotNull
        @Override
        public RedditApi getRedditApi() {
          return mockApi;
        }
      }
    );
  }
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

public class RedditActivityTest {

  public static final String TEST_SUBREDDIT = "test";

  private static PostFactory postFactory = new PostFactory();
  private static MockRedditApi mockApi = new MockRedditApi();

  static {
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(DEFAULT_SUBREDDIT));
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT));
    mockApi.addPost(postFactory.createRedditPost(TEST_SUBREDDIT));
  }

  @Before
  public void setup() {
    Application app = ApplicationProvider.getApplicationContext();
    // Use a controlled service locator with a mock API.
    ServiceLocator.Companion.swap(
      new DefaultServiceLocator(app, true) {
        @NotNull
        @Override
        public RedditApi getRedditApi() {
          return mockApi;
        }
      }
    );
  }
}

設定測試結構後，下一步就是驗證 Pager 實作傳回的資料是否正確。一項測試應確保 Pager 物件在網頁初次載入時載入預設資料，而另一項測試應驗證 Pager 物件是否可根據使用者輸入內容正確載入額外資料。

在以下範例中，測試會驗證當使用者輸入不同的子版 (subreddit) 進行搜尋時，Pager 物件是否可根據 API 傳回的正確項目數量更新 RecyclerView.Adapter。

Kotlin

@Test
fun loadsTheDefaultResults() {
    ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity::class.java)

    onView(withId(R.id.list)).check { view, noViewFoundException ->
        if (noViewFoundException != null) {
            throw noViewFoundException
        }

        val recyclerView = view as RecyclerView
        assertEquals(1, recyclerView.adapter?.itemCount)
    }
}

@Test
// Verify that the default data is swapped out when the user searches for a
// different subreddit.
fun loadsTheTestResultsWhenSearchingForSubreddit() {
  ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity::class.java )

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check { view, noViewFoundException ->
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException
    }

    val recyclerView = view as RecyclerView
    // Verify that it loads the default data first.
    assertEquals(1, recyclerView.adapter?.itemCount)
  }

  // Search for test subreddit instead of default to trigger new data load.
  onView(withId(R.id.input)).perform(
    replaceText(TEST_SUBREDDIT),
    pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER)
  )

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check { view, noViewFoundException ->
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException
    }

    val recyclerView = view as RecyclerView
    assertEquals(2, recyclerView.adapter?.itemCount)
  }
}

Java (RxJava)

@Test
public void loadsTheDefaultResults() {
  ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity.class);

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    assertEquals(1, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });
}

@Test
// Verify that the default data is swapped out when the user searches for a
// different subreddit.
public void loadsTheTestResultsWhenSearchingForSubreddit() {
  ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity.class);

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    // Verify that it loads the default data first.
    assertEquals(1, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });

  // Search for test subreddit instead of default to trigger new data load.
  onView(withId(R.id.input)).perform(
    replaceText(TEST_SUBREDDIT),
    pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER)
  );

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    assertEquals(2, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });
}

Java (Guava/LiveData)

@Test
public void loadsTheDefaultResults() {
  ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity.class);

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    assertEquals(1, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });
}

@Test
// Verify that the default data is swapped out when the user searches for a
// different subreddit.
public void loadsTheTestResultsWhenSearchingForSubreddit() {
  ActivityScenario.launch(RedditActivity.class);

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    // Verify that it loads the default data first.
    assertEquals(1, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });

  // Search for test subreddit instead of default to trigger new data load.
  onView(withId(R.id.input)).perform(
    replaceText(TEST_SUBREDDIT),
    pressKey(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_ENTER)
  );

  onView(withId(R.id.list)).check((view, noViewFoundException) -> {
    if (noViewFoundException != null) {
      throw noViewFoundException;
    }

    RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) view;
    assertEquals(2, recyclerView.getAdapter().getItemCount());
  });
}

檢測設備測試應確認資料可正確顯示在使用者介面中。方法是驗證 RecyclerView.Adapter 中的項目數量正確，或反覆檢視個別的資料列檢視畫面，並確認資料格式正確。

測試 Paging 實作 (Views) 透過集合功能整理內容 你可以依據偏好儲存及分類內容。

資料層測試

RemoteMediator 測試

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

端對端測試

Kotlin

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

Kotlin

Java (RxJava)

Java (Guava/LiveData)

測試 Paging 實作 (Views)

`RemoteMediator` 測試