To respect user privacy, app developers are encouraged to only request coarse location permissions. Apps that need an approximate coarse position typically use the fused network location (FLP) because it's fast and consumes less power. As compared to Android-based mobile devices, network location in automotive apps can be more challenging. You can use two Android APIs: - LocationManager API requires that you use [`requestLocationUpdates`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/location/LocationManager#requestLocationUpdates(java.lang.String,%20long,%20float,%20android.location.LocationListener)) to explicitly identify the preferred location provider. - Google Play services API offers a more straightforward way for you to work with location in [`FusedLocationProviderClient`](https://developers.google.com/android/reference/com/google/android/gms/location/FusedLocationProviderClient). Many automotive apps use the FLP from the Google Play services API instead of `LocationManager`. FLP selects the optimal location provider based on location request criteria and policies (power and accuracy) needed by the vehicle. You can instead opt to explicitly request and use [`NETWORK_PROVIDER`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/location/LocationManager#NETWORK_PROVIDER) as well as [`GPS_PROVIDER`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/location/LocationManager#GPS_PROVIDER) for fine positions, which uses [`android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) permissions. On Android 12 (API level 31) and higher, the [`FUSED_PROVIDER`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/location/LocationManager#FUSED_PROVIDER), previously accessible only through the Google Play services API, is available as a location provider to `LocationManager`. You can see an implementation of FLP in [`FusedLocationProvider.java`](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:frameworks/base/packages/FusedLocation/src/com/android/location/fused/FusedLocationProvider.java;l=49;drc=1679ed09011e7756e415be9086a9f0ca5dff816b). While it's possible to use `GPS_PROVIDER` with coarse permission rights only --- the framework artificially degrades accuracy to align with expectations --- it makes little sense for developers targeting Android phones because overall availability is poor and often slower to obtain a coarse position. ### Network location in automotive The `NETWORK_PROVIDER` used on Android phones (with Google Mobile Services) determines location based on nearby cell towers, Wi-Fi access points, and Bluetooth (BT) beacons. As a result, `NETWORK_PROVIDER` may require a data connection. For automotive apps, device constraints differ. Because Gthe global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is usually on, no penalties are incurred due to increased power and battery usage. As a result, IVI uptime is not compromised. We strive to minimize data exchanged with our servers. Many apps use FLP from the Play API instead of `LocationManager` directly because FLP automatically selects the best location provider to satisfy your request's criteria or policies, such as power and accuracy. Unlike mobile devices, vehicles rarely appear to *jump* from one place to another. Vehicle position is known under the hood most of the time. #### Network location provider (NLP) Most vehicles don't implement required telephony APIs to get needed information on a Cell ID (and signal strength). As a result and, because we minimize data usage, no additional functional implementation of NLP is provided. #### Fused location provider The mobile FLP fuses information from other sensors to enhance location quality, in addition to using network and GPS providers. Conversely, the Automotive FLP uses `GPS_PROVIDER` as its underlying source. It adjusts the GNSS positions, adding intentional error to degrade accuracy when a client requests coarse locations. As such, in a very few instances, there can be a longer than usual time for the first position to be available. For example, the very first time a vehicle or, to be more precise, its location subsystem is used or after getting towed. > [!NOTE] > **Note:** Automotive apps should have no expectation that an NLP can be leveraged nor is it expected that the FLP perform any sensor fusion. ### Design apps to target mobile and automotive uses For apps targeting mobile *and* automotive devices that don't require a higher quality of precision, request [`android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/location/LocationManager#FUSED_PROVIDER) *only* and fall back to using FLP when available. Alternatively, use `GPS_PROVIDER` directly with the same permissions. The framework degrades the precision of the underlying GNSS position to align with API expectations. To learn more, see [Accuracy](https://developer.android.com/training/location/permissions#accuracy) in [Request location permissions](https://developer.android.com/develop/sensors-and-location/location/permissions). In addition, these apps must explicitly declare the [`android.hardware.location.network`](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/uses-feature-element#location-hw-features) feature as *optional* in their manifest. For example: This approach helps achieve greater compatibility with devices across form factors and, therefore, maximum app availability with no code differences for getting positions when needed.